Wednesday, May 23, 2012

Shahjahan’s own Court Chronicler, the ‘Badshnama’, written by his own paid Court Chronicler, Mulla Abdul Hamid Lahori,

IN THE HON’BLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD.   Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 36818            of 2004  (Under Article 226 of constitution of India) (District – Agra)    1. Institute of Rewriting Indian History Through its Founder President, P. N. Oak.  S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill Society,                                   Aundh, Pune – 411007  2. P. N. Oak. S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill  Society,   Aundh, Pune - 4110071. Founder President, Institute of Rewriting     Indian History, Aundh, Pune - 4110071 -----------Petitioner VERSUS  Union of India through Secretary, Human Resources and Development (HRD), Government of India, New Delhi.  Secretary, Tourism and Archeological Department, Govt. of India,  New Delhi   Director General,  Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, Janapath, New Delhi.----------Respondents 
 
1.       That thus the civilization at Sindh river at Harappa has got the enormous storing capability of the food articles which were distribute by the Hindu rulers during their ‘Anusthan’ in the different part of our country .The discovery of  ‘Godam’ meant for storage of the grains is still found in Harrapa civilization which has become a part of Pakistan after th division of our country. It is evident that the people of the contemporary period were having their expertise in molding the copper pots for storage of the valuable herbal extracts meant for providing the cure from the ailments. All these cultural heritage of our Hindu civilization has not been preserved by our archeological department.
2.               That the period of destruction after reaching to the optimum heights after the propagation of Jain religion and Buddhism, may be relate back from the period of Ajatshatru, Nand Samrajya when Sikander invaded our country in 267 B.C. at Peshawar. He fought a battle from King Puru near Jhelum river and due to natural calamity of unprecedented rains, the elephant could not provide any impact upon aggressors, who were fully equipped to fight the Guerilla battle. The defeat of King Abhishad in Kashmir was the beginning of external invasion by the foreign invaders.
3.                        That during the Maurya dynasty, the King Chandragupta Maurya, who was getting instructions from great Chanakya had successfully defeated Celucus but subsequently he entered with a compromise with Chandragupta Maurya as a result of which Chandragupta got eastern part of Unan namely aria, archosia, gadrosia and paronishdi. Chandragupta Maurya subsequently married with the daughter of King of Unan. Thus our country under the domination of the dynasty of Chandragupta Maurya was extended up to Unan to Mysore in the south. Thus except Kashmir and Kalinga the boundary our country was extended upto Afghanistan and Baluchistan. But unfortunately the period of Chandragupta Maurya could not remain intact. There was the revolt at tatshila which was suppressed during the reign of Bindusar by great ruler of our nation namely Ashoka the great. King Ashoka fought a battle with Kalinga and in this manner the dimension of the area, which was extended upto Baluchistan was further extended from makaram, sindh, kutch, kyauli, swat ki vally, but Kashmir Nepal and Assam remained in exclusion to the aforesaid domination.
4.                      That subsequently Great King Ashoka became the disciple of Lord Buddha and he has started expansion to the percepts of the religion by having the affixation of the symbolic predomination adhered with the aforesaid religion. He constructed the Ashoka pillars from mono block of a rock. On the top of which, there was the symbolic resemblance of four lion, while in midst, there was a chakra comprising of 24 arches and the Bull and the elephants scriptures were carved out in the middle of the single rock, below which, there was the lotus in the downward directions. The symbolic resemblance of the lotus became a tradition for construction of the temple. Thus we may find out that wherever the lotus is evident on any monument with the scripture like the vegetable leafs, grapes, peacock and other religious offering provided to the deity kept inside the temple.
5.                       That the foundations of Invader were based on the concepts of destruction of the existing values prevalent amongst the Buddha and Hindu religion. Although, it is widely accepted that prior to the creation of other Religion, every one was himself initially the follower of Hindu religion. He was initially opposed to existence of other religious adomination. There was the preaching, that whosoever he might be, he does not follow the Islam, then, there may be the army of Invader followers, who may terrorise him for conversion to them. In this process if there may be the use of terrorism by showing of it the follower of other religion may loose the confrontation in the expansion of Invader fundamentalist then even they use to profess the aforesaid crusade. Thus after the existence of such a drastic army of the crusaders, there was no possibility that the other peace loving religion may still remain in existence. Unfortunately Hindu, Jain, Buddh religion followers were dependent upon the policy of non-violence, peace and tranquillity and under their religious philosophy i.e, the entire world is likes a family of the different ideology.
6.                            That the beginning of the Invader invasion in our country starting from the time of Mohammed Bin Quasim in 712 A.D., there was the gruesome murder committed of King Daher and thereafter his two daughters after outraging their modesty were handed over by Mohammed Bin Quasim to his uncle namely Abdul Abbass of Oman. However the Invader ruler after been instigated by the daughters of the King Daher got this Mohammed Bin Quasim death by putting him alive inside the leather of the cow for invading the chastity of two girls prior to their offering to Sultan. This was the beginning of destruction of our cultural heritage by these ruthless invaders. The description of it may be seen in a book written by R. C. Mazumdar namely the ‘Arab mission of India’.
7.                            That Sultan Mohammed Ghaznavi robbed Somenath temple. Ultimately after invading and defeating the different Rajput rulers for more than seventeen time from the year of 1000 to 1026 A.D. This man was the follower of Islamic fanatism, who destructed many temples during his aggression. Abdul Fateh Daud,a Invader ruler of Sultan was so terrified that he offered his apology to Mohammed Ghaznavi and at the same time Jaypal who committed the suicide instead of being surrendered before Mohammed Ghaznavi, his son Anand Pal was also defeated  near Peshawar. In the sixth attack committed upon our nation by Mohammed Ghaznavi. Anand Pal thereafter associate of the King of Ujjain, Gwalior, kalingar, kannuanj, Delhi and Ajmer, but due to the division in the army , Mohammed Ghaznaviu again defeated him and thereafter the he attacked on the Palace of Nagarkot Kingdom. These invasions started from the year of 1007 upto 1027 A.D. continued to remain near Sindhsagar Navnandh, Yagesghwar, Barran, Mahram, Mathura, Kalinjar and ultimately at Katiabad due to disintegrity of the Hindu rulers. Ultimaley Mohhamed Ghaznavi died on 30th April 1030.
8.                    That the journey of Shahabuddin Mohammed Gauri started from 1176 to 1178 for the victory of Multan and Kutch. He conducted so many attacks with the help of King of Jammu upto 1186. He entered in Gujrat, but Mool Raj the King of Anhilavada got him defeated. However in 1191, he conquered Malinga and Shar-Hind, which included the territory of Delhi. Thus Delhi and Ajmer remained under his domination, while he attacked at Kannuaj, Chandivada (near Etawah), Gwalior and Vijana. Gayasuddin Mohammed Gauri died in 1102.
9.                           That the reason for the defeat of Rajput rulers was on account of the fact, which is exhibited by the recital of Turk aggressors that there is the survival of the fittest. There was no morality in the Hindu army and as such the Invader rulers defeated them. The main reasons for the defeat were the caste system and idol worships prevalent at the relevant time. The intellectuals were side tracked and the society was divided into much segmentation in which Kshatriya only were considered to be the fighting class amongst the Hindus. Hindu Religion was based on diversity of different caste, Creed, Sects and Multiplicity of Religion The citizens were having the orthodox feeling and they were very much living under the domination of superstitions. This was the reason that the Hindus were subjected to the cruelty by the foreign invaders.
10.              That the Kutubuddin Aibak appointed a Invader governor upon Ajmer. He expanded the territory of Mohammed Guari to Meerut, Jhansi, Kol, and Runthambor. He converted many temples into Invader Mosques at Gwalior and Anhilvada. Bakhtiyaruddin Khilji invaded Bengal at the time of Kutubbuddin. There were many rulers namely Aalathmus, Razia Sultana, Naseeruddin Mohammed, Tuglaq Khan, and ultimately Jalaluddin Khilji came to the power. But his real nephew and son-in-law Allauddin Khilji trapped him and killed as a traitor. He committed the murder of Jallaluddin’s sons namely Aktali khan and Rukunniddin. This Allauddin after getting his enemy killed became the ruler to control the governance of the occupied territory. There was the stability in respect of the price of food grains. The cow was sold at one by third cost of the goat during his period. However Alluaddin died in the year of 1316 A.D.
11.                      That the starting of Gayasuddin Tuglaq and after his death one Mohammed Tuqlaq who was called as a symbol of many contradictions at the same time he was intelligent and cruel while on the other hand he was a religious and lunatic but he was called as unfortunate idealistic who shifted his capital from Delhi to Devgiri at Daulatabad .The successor of Mahmmaed Tuglaq was Feroz Tuglaq who developed the government farm and made the invention for the rotation of the crops. He converted many Hindu monuments and all these monument description is described at Fatauath- e-ferozshahi .The cities were known as Feroza, Ferozabad, Hissar, Jaunpur and Fatehabad during his time period. He created a army of the slaves comprising of about one lakh eighty thousand people belonging to the inhabitant of the same place where he was the conqueror. After the end of Tuglaq dynasty the Taimur dynasty completely vanished the remains of Tuglaq rluers. However soon the Taimur dynasty appointed Khijr Khan as there representative who created Syed regime. It has been said by the great German philosopher Gete that the success and the defeat are the part of the same coin as the joy and sorrow are reactionary and the unity is disintegrity are the reflections of the same quality. This was also the reason that after Mohhamed tuglaq there was the extinction of Invader dynasty and there was the beginning of Hindu rulers at Vijaynagar.
12.                That the correspondent of BBC, London Times, Derspegel, New York Times ,Washington Post ,Christian Science ,Monitor Times and ‘life’ weekly’s continue to misrepresent these Hindu Building as that of Invader origin. The freedom of expression continues to ruthlessly suppress the truth about these historical buildings belonging to the pre-Invader origin. These Historian have meticulously calculatively kept their readership ignorant regarding the truth of pre–existing palaces and temple prior to declare them the building as Invader monuments.
13.                 That now our government has provided the restriction for taking even the photograph of the prominent historical buildings in India under the guise of archeological department as to maintain the status quo regarding the falsehood created by the historian and to avoid the alleged animosity between the majority class of the Hindu with the minority Invader. It has been revealed by Encyclopaedias Islamia that the Arabia itself obliterated all its past history by destroying image before the foundation of Islam. The origin of Kaba which is the central shrine is in itself a Hindu temple surrounded by huge shrine consisting of 360 HIndu images belonging to Indian king Vikarmaaditya who founded them in 58 B.C. Even the word ‘Allah’ is a Sanskrit word signifies  “Mother or goddess“ while mekha (Makka) in Sanskrit signifies a sacrificial fire of Vedic worship prevalent during the pre Islamic days. The monuments have not only been destroyed in the peninsula of arvasthan belonging to King Vikramaditya, which was captured by the Arabian during the Islamic invasion. The intriguing aspect of regarding the existence of Shivalinga in Kaba shrine in Mecca is well known as sun-gay aswad that is of black stone. It is still a misfortunate part on the majority of Hindu Citizens that the income collected from the temples of Karnataka is distributed to about 80% of its share to the Haze piligrimage, where there is the slaughtering of the 2500 cows and camale as that of the rituals.
14.              That the poetic composition of pre Islamic Arabian poets kept in famous library called as Makahtab-e-Sultania in Istambul in turkey contains the biographic details of these pre Islamic construction while the second part embodies the period beginning just after prohphet Mohammaed upto the end of Vanee- umaya dynasty resembling the Sanskrit name of Krishnayya voice. There has been a big signboard few mile away from Mecca banning the entry of any non Invader in the area. This signboard signifies the period shrine was stormed and captured by the invader having their faith in Islam. The same position is visualized at Azmer sharif where there is still the covering over the Shivalinga for which the Islamic follower are strictly providing the vigilance as it may not be disclosed the existence of the Temple of Lord Shiva. Thus it be go on searching the different historical facts with the open eyes we will find that there are ample evidence to deflate the Indo- Saracenic architecture theory bubble.
15.              That there is thus a valid reason why Hindus are not in a position to produce any documentary evidence with regard to the Hindu origin of fort. Even then we maintain that if a systematic archaeological excavation is undertaken inside the fort and if its dingy cellars and basements are opened and scoured they may still reveal Sanskrit inscriptions and idols smashed and buried by Invader occupiers. In fact whatever little and excavation has been made has resulted in the recovery of horse and elephant statues. Yet taking things as they stand any court of law will uphold the plea that Hindus have a valid reason for not being able to produce any documentary proof.
16.                   That the Hon’ble court will then ask the Anglo-Invader school to produce its documents. That school too has not got even a shred of a document to prove that any one or more Invader rulers built or rebuilt the fort. A hazy mention to that effect in a court flatterer’s chronicler is no documentary proof. It is like you or we noting in our diaries that we built the Houses of Parliament in London.
17.                    That the Apex court held in Ram Sharan Autyanuprasi’s case 1989 (Supp.) (1) SCC 251/AIR 1989 S. C. 549, that men’s life is inclusive of his tradition, culture and heritage and protection of that heritage in its full measure would certainly come within the encompass of an expanded concept of Article 21 of the Constitution. It is the life- mission of the petitioner to re-establish the truth with regard to the National and Important monuments having heritage of Indian culture and values of Indian life.
18.                 That as per the discovery of the author Sri P. N. Oak, (contrary to the assertions by the Aechiological Survey of India, in short ASI), the Taj Mahal is Tejomahalaya, a Shiva Temple raised (500 years before Sahahjahana became the Mogul ruler) by Raja Paramar Dev’s Chief Minister, Salakshan, as per the Bateswar inscription stocked in the Lucknow Museum.
19.          That during the turbulent time of Invader invasions from 712 A. D. to 1761 A. D., the edifice was raided plundered and desecrated a number of times. Ultimately it passed into the hands of Raja Man Singh of Jaipur, who was a contemporary of the third generation Mogul Emperor, Akbar. Man Singh’s grand son, Jai Singh was the ruler of Jaipur, when Akbar’s grand son, Shahjahan ruled in Agra and Delhi.
20.            That consequently, Shahjahan’s own Court Chronicler, the ‘Badshnama’, written by his own paid Court Chronicler, Mulla Abdul Hamid Lahori, emphatically mentions (on page 403 of vol. I, now kept in National Archives, New Delhi) that  “ The mansion knows as Raja Man Singh’s Manzil, at present owned by his grandson Jai Singh was selected for the burial of Mumtaz and she was buried in it. The edifice kept with a dome is a spectacular wonder monument.” The true copy of the admission in Shahjahan’s own Badshnama, the original persion script and its english translation publish in book written by Sri P. N. Oak i,e, Taj Mahal is a Temple Palace which is also kept with the National Archives, New Delhi, is made Annexure –9 and 10 (The transcription of the Persian passages in Roman script and the corresponding English translation, of relevant pages only, which are record in chapter 2 of the said book.)
21.                    That another contemporary document is Prince Aurangazab’s letter to his father, emperor Shahjahana dtd. July-August 1652 A. D. pointing out how that “Illustrious mausoleum complex being very ancient had cracks and leaks at several places needed extensive repairs”. Prince Aurangazab’s letter (quoted above) reporting that the tomb-complex being very ancient had cracks and leaks in 1652 A. D. itself gives a lie to the ASI’s notices declaring that the Taj Mahal stood brand new 1652 A. D.  The true copy of the Prince Aurangazab’s letter written in Persian Language to his father, emperor Shahjahana dtd. July-August 1652 A. D. and english translation are marked as Annexure-11 and 12(The transcription of the Persian passages in Roman script and the corresponding English translation, of relevant pages only, which are record in chapter 2 of the said book.)
22.                     That besides the above two Invader Court records of Shahjahan’s time, the said book of the author which runs into 360 pages with 86 photos and photocopies of above two Invader documents another booklet titled The Taj Mahal is Tejomahalaya. A Siva Temple presents 118 points of documentary as well as circumstantial photographic and other historic evidences. Apart from the historical and documentary evidence, if there are some practical considerations. Since it is claimed that Shahjahan’s great infatuation for Mumtaz impelled him to raise a wonder edifice over her corpse the obvious cross-question would be? -Shahjahan’s exclusive infatuation for Mumtaz is belied by the existence of his harem consisting over than 5000 women mentioned in authentic history books.
23.            That another question would be that if Shahjahan loved Mumtaz so deeply what explains the total absence of any book of Shahjahan-Mumtaz love stories unlike Laila-Maznu, Romio-Juliet romances? The fact is that Mumtaz was buried at Burhanpur, a place 600 miles south of Agra. After 6 months the corpse is stated to have been lifted from there and re-buried in the Taj Mahal temple palace. The true copy of the documentary proof in support thereof forming part of the research work on Taj Mahal identity and authorship based on evidence having direct proof of its authorshipwritten by Sri P.N. Oak having the discription of different monuments regarding their authorship is filed as Annexure 13, 14 and 15.
24.                That the truth hidden inside the four story building known as Taj Mahal is full of mysterious circumstances as no where in the world. There may be the fourth floor of the graveyards of Mumtaj and Sahajahan on the third and fourth floor of the alleged Muslim monuments. Actually, even the archeological department, while diging the adjoining place ment for Goushala, has found the crown of the deity worship by Hindus during pre-mughal period, but in order to avoid the further repercussion resulting in to animosity by the Muslim fundamentalist, this fact has been subsided again inside the earth. There has been the existence of castle surrounding the building, which can not be there, except inside the palace ment for the Rajputana Rulers. Since the entire treasury was given as endowment trust beneath the foundation of the temple and Lord Shiva being the God of resembling to the sovereignty of the judicial institution, was considered to have the over all superintendence of the expenditure incurred by the rulers and as such the ingress and outgoes to the treasury was at the door step below the feet of the temple. Thus while the upper story constructed through the marble stone on the third and fourth floor was comprising of the temple of Lord Shiva, just beneath the aforesaid temple where the visitors are allowed to reach there through the taress, was actually the treasury chamber of Rajputana style living of Hindu Rulers.
25.              That Ex- Maharaja of Jaipur has Kapad Dwara collection bearing Two orders (FARMANS) from Sahajahan dated Dec.18, 1633 (bearing morden Numbers R.176 and 177) having the requisitioning the Tejo- Mahallyan Building from Raja Jai Singh through blatant reward to him for fighting against Maharan Pratap Singh ,Mewar ruler by his father and thereby got the usurpation of this Building. Subsequently Rajasthan State archives at Bikaner preserves three Farmans address by Sahajahan to Raja Jai Singh to supply the Marble used for Koranic Grafts from his Markana Querries, and also the Stone cutter. The cost of the scaffolding was more than that of the cost of entire work. These farmans were issued after about two years of death of  Mumtaz, who was buried at Burhanpur, a place 600 miles south of Agra. After 6 months the corpse is stated to have been lifted and there after these Farmans were issued from there and re-buried in the Taj Mahal temple palace. The grafting Koranic superimposition lettering in the Taj- mahal is of inferior quality and is pale white shade while rest of the existing building was of rich yellow tint.
26.                 That even the rulers were guided by their Raj Guru living inside the forest meant for providing education to princes, before admonition of the power of the sovereignty in their hand. Thus every Hindu ruler was God fearing person and he was regarding the Brahmins superior on the intellectual and other sacrosanct functions. Thus the existence of the symbol like Swastik, Stars, Hooklikemark, triangle, Damru shape mark, Flowers, Intersecting, Triangles, Trident, Three Cojoined Fish, Ball with S-Shaped inside, Four Square, Fish, Goad, Arrow, Axe, Geomatrical Flowers and the character written in Dev Nagri arrenged in the order of frequency are the evidence available in support of the argument to the extend. The southest corner of the Taj –Mahal corner of the Taj garden has an ancient royal- cattle house, from where the AMLAKH- THE TOP GOLDEN COVERAGE TO THE DIETY has been discovered to the supreintendent of archeaological dept. at Agra, but the matter has again subsided under the instruction of the present Govt. officials. Even a cowshed is an incongruity in an islamic tomb.
27.                     That the Taj Mahal is a temple/palace of Kshatriya /Rajputana Rulers and was built by some Jat courtier in 1155 A.D.. Lord Shiva is known as Tejo Ji by Jats still in the western Utter Pradesh, which is resemble the nomenclature of Tejo Mahal converted in to Taj Mahal by the efflux of time. The Bateshwar inscription originally installed in Taj Gardens( currently preserved on the top floor in Lucknow Museum) refers to 1155 AD costruction of Tejo- Mahalaya the raising of a “ CRYSTAL- WHITE SHIVA TEMPLE SO ALLURING THAT LORD SHIVA ONCE ENSHRINED IN IT DECIDED NEVER TO RETURN TO MOUNT KAILASH PARVAT- HIS USUAL ABODE”. The eaight directional shafts in a small central circle surrounded by other circles respectively are depicting 16 Cobras, 32 tridents and 64 lotus buds. All these motifs in multiples of 8 are of vedic significances. Cobras , Lotuses and tridents are always associated with LORD SHIVA TEMPLE.
28.                         That this tempering by Sahajahan may be in the report of Archaeogical Survey Of India Vol. IV pages 216-217 (published in 1874), stating that a “great square black basaltic pillar which, with the base and capital of another similar pillar”. In 1959- 1962, when sri S.R.Roa was the Archaeological Superintendent in Agra, there was a deep crack in the wall of the central Octagonal chamber of Taj Mahal. There were two or three marble Hindu  idols discovered but the matter was hushed up and the images were reburied and embedded at the behest of govt..In the garden in 1973, another set of fountains were found about six feet  below the present fountains.
29.                           That an Englishman, Thomas Twining, records (page 191 of his book (Travels in India- a Hundred years Ago)that in november 1794 “I arrived at the high walls which encloses the Taj Mahal and its circumjacent buildins--. Ihave got out of the palanquine and --- mounted a short flight of steps leading to a beautiful portal which formed the centre of this side of the court of Elephants as the great area was called at that time. Where are these missing Elephants standing outside the Hindu Palaces buildings. These are burried in side the surface of this great Shiva Temple.
30.               That the octagonal shape of the taj Mahal has a special Hindu significance.  Hindu alone have special names for the eaight directions, and celestial guards assigned to them. The Taj  Mahal has a trident pinnacle over the dome. The central shaft of the trident depicts a Kalash (sacred pot) holding two bent mango leaves and the coconut. This is a scred Hindu motif. Identical pinnacals may be seen over Hindu And Buddhist temples over the Himalayan region.
31.              That during the investigation conducted by the different journalists of daily news papers “Amar Ujala” at Agra, as they have conducted the survey in which below the Red stone building, there has been the stairs for taking the dip inside the holly Yamuna river as per the Hindu tradition to offer the water to the rising sun rising from the eastern side of the palace. These stairs are hidden inside the earth. The place was known as Dashhera and Basai bathing Ghat for the pilgrimage coming for paying their respects to Lord Shiva, whose idol was visible to the common men, even from outside the palace. The building proposed by Rajputana Rulers to be constructed in black stones opposite to the Taj Mahal was also an efforts to provide a glimpse of the temple of Lord Shiva to the common men, which could have been seen also from the glass projecting Taj Mahal on the upper story.
32.                       That neither Shahjahan nor Mumtaz could have been buried here because this chamber is on the 4th floor above the river surface. Corpses are invariably buried in mother-earth and never on stone floors. Consequently this so-called Mumtaz’s cenotaph in this central octagonal chamber either covers the sacred Hindu (Vedic) Shivling itself or the sacred spot from which the Shivling was uprooted. Shahjahan and Mumtaz must be fake. Why should there be even one pair of fake cenotaph? And since one pair of cenotaphs is fake the crucial question is which is the fake one. The one in the lower chamber or upper chamber? Or does each floor contain one fake and the genuine cenotaph alternating between Shahjahan and Mumtaz?
33.                       That all doors which have been found more than 800 years old through the carbon-dating process, which have now been closed without any cogent reasons. After conducting the research for many years has disclosed that these doors were closed on 8th February 1964. The true copy of the report regarding carbon-14 dating of  these wooden doors having the details of 800 years old is filed herewith as Annexure No. 16 .
34.                   That search was made after reading the abstract of the book written by Mr. P.N. Oak. To the greater astonishment, when these students asked the query from some officer of archaeological department, as to whether the three tunnels lying beneath the structure of Red Fort, Agra are also connected with Taj Mahal below the ground floor of the structure constructed in red stone. It was found that on the second Ground storey beneath surface of the red building below the Taj Mahal, there are the sculpture carved out having the statute of Lord Ganesh, and that of the other prominent God worshiped by the Hindus, but they have been completely closed in derogation to the right conferred to the citizens. Actually from inside the tunnels, an army having four horse ridden soldiers in the row can pass through these tunnels from Agra Red Fort even to Fateh pur Sikri, Taj Mahal and some of the historian claims that since at the site of Jama Masjid Agra, since there were the great palaces in existence, prior to the pre-Mughal period, the ingress and outgoes of the soldier entering from Red Fort, Agra was up to these palatial building comprising of the temple inside Jama Masjid, Agra , Etmaudaulla and other historical places at Agra. The existence of three tunnels inside Red Fort Agra is a truth as that of the broad day light, which is situated beneath Baradari, where the execution of the death sentence by chopping the head of the culprit was done by the Mughal rulers.
35.                          That this has got atleast more than 280-step downward from there. Actually, while entering inside Red Fort , Agra one has to ride atleast about 50 meters above to the ground situated near Yamuna river but since the surrounding having the coverage by the ditch and by crossing the same one could get entrance inside the main building as such the existence of the tunnels must be beneath the earth level and since Etmaudollah is situated across the Yamuna river, while Sikandara and Fatehpur Sikri are at a very long distance and as such these three tunnels firstly reaches to Jama Masjid  Agra , one to Taj Mahal but the existence of the third tunnels, appears to adjoining to the road, Which is said to have been built by Sher Shah Suri, while it was ever- remain in existence from the time, of these building constructed prior to the pre-Mughal invaders aggression to our country by the Hindu contemporary rulers of the relevant time.
36.               That the contribution in the monuments known as Taj Mahal by these invaders is only to the extend of construction of only four Meenars, the script of Quran and closing of the door way of main apartment from where the public may offer their gratitude to the constructed building known as Taj Mahal having the deity of Lord Shiva (Shiv-lingi), Nandi, Ganeshjee, and Parvatiji. Where are the remains of the maker of these buildings . The spectator of the pathetic situation resulting in the terrorist attack on the these cultural Haritage belonging to Hindu citizens, who were settled in this country and were comprising of the people coming from Purtagal, Spain, Partia, Saiberia, and other Scavandians country of the Eourope, China, Russia. The news report Annexed here- in- after all are the glaring example of the atrocities committed with the truth by the present ruling political setup, which is no other than the British system based upon the theory upon “Divide and Rule” in our Country.  
37.                         That the Central Government has provided the grant of forty million of Rupees to archaeological department for renovation of the ancient structure. It has been revealed that there has been number of the gates with the flank opening from the red stone structure building below the marble monument of Taj Mahal. The bricks have been affixed to close these doors, but these bricks do not appears to have been manufactured inside the brick clin in the ancient time. Then who have closed these doors which could have been used by the rulers either for entering inside the palace or for appearing to Yamuna River. Who are these fundamentalists behind such racket as the falsehood may not be exposed regarding the authorship of the monuments alleged to have been constructed by Shahajahan. Ex Vice Chancellor Prof. Agam Prasad Mathur, the great Historian another Ex Vice- Chancellor of Gorakhpur university Prof. Dr.Pramila Asthana have express their concern regarding the closer of these gates by the brick work. If the impact is provided upon the red stone, then it is revealed regarding the empty wall. Number of the people residing in the same vicinity, who have seen the shooting of the film LEADER at Taj Mahal, in which Dilip Kumar And Vaijanti Mala have participating the role of Actor and Actress, have seen these internal portion of building of taj Mahal. There has been 14 rooms constructed inside there, which were the living apartment of the rulers. The entire building of Taj Mahal is eight dimention constructed comprising of four storeys building in the first floor and there has been 22 rooms on the ground floor. There has been multi-story “Kuayan”(Deep Well) available from all the building for availability of drinking water through the rope carrying the buckets. Towards the northern side, there is the existence of ventilators from where one may look towards Yamuna River.
38.                   That Fatehpur Sikri may actually be declared as the “HERITAGE CITY” in the due course of time. There has been the existence of 2200 years old the ancient broken statue of YAKSHA at Chrima-Shahpur. There has been the existence of 3 feet long SHIV-LINGI , while at Sikri in village Imlabda, the old statue of Lord Vishnu more than 1100 years old has been found after excavation. There has been number of the statue recovered, which are belonging to the period of the expansion of the Jain religion. There has been the existence of Jain temple. Near the Tank reservoir of the water, which was considered to be the big lake on the gateway of Fatehpur-Sikiri. There is still the existence of Triran and Amlaka, which indicates that there was hundred feet height temple. The broken statute of Lord Shiva having GALE KI KANTHI, BAIJANTI MALA, SRI VATSA MARK ON THE CHEST AND YAGYAPABIT may be still seen , while the head, hands and the portion below the chest has been broken by the invaders. These all facts coupled together may convey the irrevocable conclusion regarding the existence of the monuments of Fatehpur Sikri and associated building prior to the Mughal period, which were ruthlessly broken by the invaders of the cultural heritage just to propagate and expend their religion and by conversion of the weaker class of Hindu Citizens.
39.                  That the great Archaeologist Shri Dharam Veer Sharma, then Superintendent of the archaeological Department at Agra has define the meaning of these antique for re writing the Indian history on the basis of all these circumstantial evidence, as the entire world may become conversant, that these monuments were not been constructed by these invaders to our ancient spiritual heritage but the existence of Fatehpur Sikri is much prior to the period of the mughal emperors. Tuksal, Deewane-Aam, AnoopTalab, which may find place in the book written by E.W. Smith, the great English Historian visiting Fatehpur Sikri in 1896 and 1898 A.D.. Actually Tuksal is the castle meant for the horse captivity, which has got the capability of drinking water and the system of drainage, sewage may be seen to some remote place through these Drainage.
40.              That the Water supply system is unique at Fatehpur Sikri. Actually, the lakes, which have the accumulation of water storage, were expanded in an area comprising of more than 25 square mile, but by the passage of time, this was extinguished purposely as to abrogate the existence of great scientific way of living style by the Hindu Rulers to the inhabitant at the relevant period of Rajputana Rulers. The existence of the ancient building may also be seen in the different faces. There has been a conspiracy hatched by the followers of  a particulars dynasty, who invaded our country to get the extinction of all such evidence, which may be helpful for the exposure of the truth as the foundation of the invaders are based on the false hood.
41.                     That it has been disclosed during the High level Committee Meeting at Paris during the convention of United Nation Education Science and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) that near Anoop Talab (Pond), there has been the ancient palatial building and the ancient cultural activities remain in existence prior to the period of invasion by the Mughal invaders. The historian have related them back to the existence of all such palatial building during the period of Sikarwar, Rajput, which find support by the research were conducted Prof. Ram Nathan historian of Rajasthan University, Jaipur and also by Dr. Prathima Asthana Ex Vice Chancellor of Gorakhpur University.
42.                         That it has been stated that then Central Education Minister Nural Husan had stoped the excavation work conducted by Aligarh Muslim University at Fatehpur Sikri, when the broken statute were found hidden behind the earth. Prof. Agam Prasad Mathur the Ex. vice Chancellor and the Historian of Agra University has disclosed that Agra was the helmet, while Mathura was the real State prior to Mughal invasion. This fact may be taken with the angle that Agra was the city surrounded by Shiva Temple of pre Mughal dynasty period at Taj Mahal. All these facts are fully supported with the circumstantial evidence as well as by the research work conducted by the great historian of post independence period. The existence of Hanuman Temple may be seen at Kagarol near the well, while Chamunda temple may remain in existence at Sultan Garhi, from where Amlak used in Kalash of the temple has been discovered by the excavator. There has been a lot of wealth hidden beneath the surface of the Kagarol near Fatehpur Sikri, which has been usurp by some greedy local people constructing their residence, while digging the plinth inside the surface. However the recovery of the antique and broken portion of the deity and the existence of the different religious monuments are in itself a proof regarding the great heritage. The existence of Fatehpur Sikri is on account of a long period consistent efforts by the different sculpture and name of the Sikri was Sacrikya, which was the place of inhibition of Jain religion philosophy by its follower during 1000 A.D. There has been number of the broken statue of Pasarva Nath at Veer Chhabila on the working style of Chatya Basi procedure. The sculpture found there also relates the expesion of Jain Swetambar from Sikri to Bharatpur, much more prior to the period of Akbar. At Bilaspur number of the statue indicating the ancient culture of Rajput ruler, while at village Sakalpur on Agra Jalesar Road, there has been the remains old Vishnu deity, where Hindu are still worshipping their religious God. The Shiva Lingi has been installed at village Sakalpur, which has been inspected by the officers of Archeological Department. All these things may required the investigation by same of the agency and direction for the exposure of the truth my be issued to the Aercheological Department by this Hon’ble Court.
43.                    That due to Superstition and the Orthodox tradition prevalent in Hindu religion, all such more than 47 countries of the world, which remained under the domination and expansion of Mughal period and the British period, their character assassination was the main reason of the conquest upon these nations. If any religion is not capable to expose the falsehood, it will perish. It may be deemed that the followers of the Hindu religion are still living under the period of slavery. The invaders of any country were never the builders of the monuments. The main objective hidden behind such invasion was to snatch the wealth of the people and thereafter convert them to their own religion. These people, who were taken from these countries were sold in the market of slavery just to rule upon them by destroying their cultural heritage and thereby eroding the very foundation, on the basis of the existence of Hindu religion is dependent. If we are still unable to expose the falsehood, the existence of the religion of the majority of citizen is at stake. It is the question of saving our future generation.
44.                    That no individual can tolerate the bondage of the slavery, than how does it become possible to get them the acceptance of the falsehood. The exposure of the truth is not only beneficial for the growth of the country and to encourage the like citizen to provide further contribution to construct the still greater palatial structure like Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Jama Masjid by the followers of the Hindu religion. The construction of the temple at Dayalbagh at Agra and J. K. Temple at Kanpur are the glaring example of the traditions of Hindu Culture. Till these monuments will be deemed to have been constructed by these invaders who are now declared as the bitter critics of the Hindu Ideology of the humanity, no Hindu citizens can claim, that he is living in independent Nation.                                   
45.                   That now the question arises, that if Hindu invites the animosity of the minority by the exposure of the truth regarding the construction of these monuments by Hindu Rulers, weather such Hindu citizens are really providing any contribution to their on existence or to the existence of the followers of these invaders. There is no repudiation of the truth as a single day- light may shallow the darkness by exposure of the brightness for harmonious way of living. In case, one may feel offended by the exposure of the truth, then there shall be the complete dis-association in the activity of these fundamentalists. The apathy is the answer of every problem. If we start isolating these invaders in the general esteem of the business of these fundamentalist citizens, they themselves become followers of the truth. Thus instead of providing any discouragement to these pious activities, every citizens, who has got the responsibility for deep rooted integration of nation based upon our cultural heritage, every patriotic citizens may be raising their voice against the modesty of their religion by exposing aggressive trend of invaders, which ware based on the atrocities committed by them.  
46.                       That the claim that Akbar built the fort is also found to be baseless because while he is said to have demolished the fort in 1565 A.D., a murderer Adham Khan being thrown from the terrace of a palace-apartment inside the fort in 1566 A.D. is emphatic proof that the claim made on behalf of Akbar is as fraudulent as those made on behalf of two other Invader sultans earlier. In fact it is also pointed out that not a single building of Akbar’s time exists in the fort.  Akbar’s son Jahangir is said to have perhaps built a palace inside the fort here or there demolishing his own father’s palace but even that conjecture is found to be based on mere fancy or on some idle engravings.

47.                  That the meticulous inquiry into the matter through the coherent and authentic account .The exposure of the falsehood is always reconcilable with the historical event and thus the burden of proof is always lying upon the individual denying the existing facts. The onus will be shifted upon the authority when inconsistent anomalous and contradictory versions about the origin of Taj Mahal may be scientifically tested upon the yardstick of the truth. Let us begin with Badshahnama, a Shahjahan’s chronicle which discloses that the cost of scaffolding exceeded that of the entire work done regarding Mausoleun. Mr Narul Hasan Siddiqui books that a Hindu Palace was commandeered to bury Mumtaz in which Shahjahan’s fifth generation ancestor Barbar lived in Tejo Mahalaya. All these facts are to be examined through the scientific methods in order to expose the false propaganda that the Mogul invaders have not given any contribution for building the monuments.  We may further examine that the mythical indo Saracen architecture medieval mosques and tombs in India were built or conquered and misused by the invaders the number of such monuments may include Mohammed Ghaus ‘s tomb in Gwalior, Salim Chisti mausoleun in Ftahepur Sikri, Nizzamuddin Kabar in Delhi, Moinuddin Chisti’s Makbara in Ajmer, Red fort Shicundera Etamatudaula at Agra, Jama Masjid, Red fort Delhi, Kutub Minar in Delhi and Sufdarjung. The disputed site of Lord Krishna temple Mathura and Vishwanath Temple at Varanasi may also be examined not only to resolve the controversy but also to curve out the animosity among the citizen in India on the ground of the religion.

48.                That the extract of Badshahnama may be examined after getting them translated form Persian passage in the English rendering. On page number 403 of Badshahnama it is admitted in verse 26 to 33 that Huzurat Mumtazul Zamani whose sacred dead body was buried in Burhanpur in a garden was brought from 600 miles after six months and transported to Agra(Akbarabad). In the south of the great city there was a palace of Raja Maan Singh which was owned by Raja Jay Singh known as Tejo Mahalaya (The temple of Lord Shiva /Teji ji) And this place was selected burial of the Queen for which the great ancestral heritage, religious sanctity was associated with Raja Jai Singh who was compensated by offering the government land. Thus a palace was converted in a dome, handy readymade Mausoleum. The authority of Badshahnama is the first proof regarding the existence of the temple at the time when Huzurat Mumtazul Zamani was buried. The similar treatment were given to the different Hindu palaces and temples by converting them at as Mausoleum of Akbar at Shicandara and Humayun in Delhi and the Vishnu temple to Kutub Minar by overbearing Invader fanatic potentate specially when these monuments were constructed by Hindu Rulers.
49.                  That in this connection we also want to alert visitors to mediaeval buildings and students and scholars of history not to believe in translations of Arabic and Persian inscriptions presented readymade to them through earlier books. We have found in very many instances that they have been distorted in translation. For instance on the Taj Mahal the inscriber has carved his name as Amanat Khan Shirazi (an insignificant slave of the emperor Shahjahan). Anglo-Invader accounts have boosted this inscriber of letters as one of the great wonder architects of the world. Similarly on Fatehpur Sikri where a building is said to have been graced (by his presence) by Salim Chisti it is merrily ascribed to him. The true copy of the particulars of the different monuments regarding their false identity in respect of  authorship attributed upon them as disclosed in the scholarly research Articles Contained in the Books Written by Shri P. N. Oak  are filed herewith as marked as Annexure-No. 17 
50.                 That we therefore advise all students of history never to take for granted the translation of Invader inscriptions provided heretofore but get them translated de novo whenever one has to make use of them. The whole question of the translation and interpretation of Invader inscriptions not only in India but throughout the world must be reopened and gone through thoroughly, for much wishful thinking has gone into presenting them in translations to non-Invaders. In fact it would be very educative to have an encyclopaedia for all Invader inscriptions and the misleading translations and interpretations they have been subjected to heretofore. As an instance of a great snare in the study of mediaeval history such exposure will be of immense educative value in warning future researchers and students of history.
51.                   That once the hurdle of a false Invader claim made on Akbar’s behalf is got over, we find that the fort that we see today in Agra, is the same which was owned by ancient Hindu kings like Ashok and Kanishka. After Akbar there is no serious claim made on behalf of any Invader ruler as the author of the fort. That means that the fort that we see in Agra city today is the ancient Hindu ochre fort a colour so dear to Hindus. In fact ochre is the colour of Hindu flag- a colour for which and under which they have fought for their national and cultural existence and identity –a colour which has inspired them to great deeds of valour, sacrifice, bravery, chivalry, gallantry and glory. Can that ochre colour be ever owned by Invaders? It goes against all history and tradition.
52.                                That despite several centuries of Invader occupation and canards of Invader authorship all the fort’s Hindu associations are intact. This is something remarkable.  The two thousands year history of the fort that Keene traces turns out to be authentic. The slight hitch and doubt that he encounters gets explained away by his own very intelligent footnote that the incident of a murderer having been flung from the terrace of the palace inside the fort could not be possible if the fort had been destroyed a year earlier. The lack of any coherence in the dates of starting the fort construction and its completion is proof of the fact that the world has been buffed about the Invader origin of the fort.
53.                   That Invader accounts are unable to explain the name of any apartment, as to who built it, when was it built, what for it was built, what its cost was and why it has an Hindu aura about it? This is because the fort did not originally belong to the invaders from Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Khazasstan, and Uzbekstan. They were mere intruders, conquerors, and usurpers. All this discussion should convince the reader that the Red Fort in Agra is of hoary Hindu antiquity and is at least 2200 years old.   
54.            That one great tragedy of Indian history has been that while Indians remained subdued and gagged under alien domination for over a millenium foreigners who wielded all power in India played great havoc with Indian history merrily destroying or distorting it at will either out of sheer cunning and cussedness or through their colossal ignorance and wanton barbarism.
55.    That In that process all mediaeval buildings which came under long Invader occupation came to be misused as tombs or mosques. And in course of time, thanks to alien chauvinism, court flattery and fanatic cunning, all ancient Hindu townships and building got ascribed to Invader authorship. Thus with astounding historical naivete Ahmedabad was, by its sheer name, assumed to have been founded by Ahmedshah, Tughlaqabad by Tughlaq Shah and Ferozabad by Ferozshah.
56.                     That If one is to be guided by such puerile logic and shallow historical scholarship then one will have to conclude that the city of Allahabad in the state of Uttar Pradesh must have been founded by the Invader God Allah himself. This is with regard to mediaeval townships. But even for mediaeval buildings the same nonchalant, nondescript method is followed. Thus it is blatantly stated that if a building is known as Salimgarh it must have been built by or for Sheikh Salim Chisti (emperor Akbar’s fancied spiritual preceptor) or Prince Salim (Akbar’s heir apparent)or some other Salim. Likewise if a building is called Jahangiri Mahal it is, by that very token insisted that it must have been built by Prince Salim after ascending the throne as Jahangir. Such superficial derivations and conclusions about authorship make nonsense of all historical research methodology.
57.                 That During nearly 1100 years of alien rule in India most of her history has been distorted or destroyed. All massive, majestic and alluring historic Hindu constructions in India, from Kashmir to Cape Comorin ,have got ascribed to alien Invader invaders such as Turks, Afghans,Iranians ,Arabs, Abyssinians  and Moguls out of sheer usurpation  or conquest. Such misappropriated constructions include forts, palaces, mansions, sera’s, roads, bridges, wells, canals and even road- side mile-pillars. Misuse of a colossal number of Hindu temples, palaces and mansions as tombs and mosque for several centuries has misled many generations of the publics, tourists, students and scholars of history all over the world into believing that those buildings were originally commissioned by the Invaders.
58.                That the intelligentsia of Hindusthan has been somewhat slow in assimilating that finding is a measure of the havoc that history causes in the minds of a subject people by making it impervious even to logic and legal proof. While warrior  -patriots like Rana Pratap and the great Chhatrapati Shivaji spill their purple blood to emancipate the land and its people should it not be the patriotic duty of historians to spill at least some blue-black ink for an academic re-conquest of occupied buildings falsely ascribed to alien conquerors?
59.                   That there was E. B. Havell, a great architect, and one endowed with deep insight. Havell has debunked the claim that the Taj Mahal is the product of any non-Hindu architectural style. In discussing the architecture of the Taj Mahal and the claim of some historians that an Italian named Veroneo may have been its designer, Mr. Kanwar Lal quotes Mr.Havell thus: “So if Veroneo was so deeply versed in Indian craft tradition that he could design a lotus dome after the rules laid down in the Shilpa Shastras, the dome itself, built by Asiatic craftsmen would not have been his. The dome of Taj at Agra and the dome of Ibrahim’s tomb (in Bijapur) both are constructed on the same principles. They are nearly of the same dimensions, and a fact unnoticed by Fergusson and his followers, the contours of both correspond exactly, except that the lotus crown of the Taj at Agra tapers more finely and the lotus petals at the springing of the dome are inlaid instead of being sculptured. The Taj Mahal is, infact, exactly such a building as one would expect to be created in India …by a group of master builders inheriting the traditions of Buddhist and Hindu buildings. The plan which consists of a central dome chamber surrounded by four small domed chambers, follows the plan of an Indian pancharatna, or “five jewelled” temple. Its prototype as have shown elsewhere is found in the Buddhist temple of Chandi Sewa in Java and in the sculptured stupa shrines of Ajanta. Neither Shahjahan nor his court builders, much less an obscure Italian adventurer can claim the whole merit of its achievements.
60.               That now as such, Mr.Havell in his assertion is very clear that the Taj Mahal is built in the ancient Indian, Hindu style and none of Shahjahan’s contemporaries could design or conceive of it. We regret that Mr. Havell was unaware of the admission in Shahjahan’s own official chronicle, The Badshahnama, that the Taj Mahal is an ancient Hindu mansion. Had that confession come to light in his time he would have rejoiced to find his architectural conclusion fully corroborated by history, and he would then have been acknowledged as an authority on Indian architecture far superior to Percy Brown or Fergusson.
61.                That Like all other so called Invader tombs i.e. Hindu buildings used by them first as residences and later as burial places the Taj Mahal too is not a single tomb but an ancient Hindu mansion reduced to an Islamic burial ground. Besides Mumtaz, Shahjahan himself lies buried by her side. But that is not all. There are two other graves in the same precincts.
62.                     That Mr Kanwar lal (P. 69 The Taj by Kanwar Lal, ibid.) observes. “At the other end of the Jilokhana, towards the east there are again two buildings These are the tombs of Satunnisa (Khanam) who was a favourite attendant of Mumtaz Mahal and who was entrusted with the task of looking after the temporary tomb of Mumtaz Mahal at Burhanpur. Similar is the tomb of Sarhandi Begum, another of Shahjahan’s queens. The two structures are built exactly the alike.”
63.                           That the Satunnisa Khanam’s tomb consists of a high octagonal plinth, round a central octagonal mortuary chamber. That Taj is based on good authority, but the special assignment to her of this particular tomb has no better foundation than popular belief. That shows that like every other detail about the Taj Mahal legend even the Satunissa Khanam tomb is a concoction. All such tomb like mounds were erected in usurped Hindu mansions so that Hindus may not reclaim and re use those buildings. The Invaders knew of the Hindu weakness of not disturbing or reclaiming sepulchral sites. So, erecting false oblong grave like mounds was like posting a strong military contingent or planting a scarecrow, which cost practically nothing. It was a simple device a strategic totem to claim Hindu buildings for Islam and it worked admirably.
64.                           That It is sometimes innocently asked by history teachers that if the Taj Mahal had existed centuries before Shahjahan, how is it there are no earlier references to it. There are three answer to the question. Firstly, the Taj Mahal being then the palace and not the monument open for public inspection as it now is, used to be closely guarded. It was accessible only to the elite and then only on invitation or conquest. As such one cannot except the same prolific references to it as a tourist attraction that one comes across in these days of publicity and modern communications. The second answer is that ancient and mediaeval India teemed with mansions, palaces and temples of bewildering and bewitching variety, so much so that being all very spectacular, one could not be distinguished from another by mere description. Despite such very good reasons for not expecting any identifiable details in earlier records of what is at present known as Taj Mahal, luckily, Babur, the founder of the Mogul dynasty in India, who was the great great grandfather of emperor Shahjahan, has left us a disarming and unmistakable description of the Taj Mahal, if only we have the inclination and insight to grasp it. So our third answer to the question why no mention is found in earlier chronicles of the Taj Mahal and other buildings is that though many a time there is a clear mention of such buildings, our senses benumbed by traditional tutoring fail to grasp their significance. Such is the case with the Taj Mahal.
65.                        That the rampant corruption was prevalent during the Mogul time and there were large percentage of unauthorized profits of innumerable middle men thus there was no money to raise a cenotaph in the ground floor in octagonal chamber by covering them with costly mosaic stones to match with the palace flooring and barricading the hundred of rooms, ventilators staircases, doorways, balconies and corridor. There exist a seven-storey marble Tejo Mahalaya Hindu temple palace complex. The seven storey massive girth in its lofty gateways and arches necessitates the removal of stone pitching and as such Badshahnama discloses the expenditure incurred in scaffolding of these Hindu complexes and in engraving the Koran on the walls of edifice. The great French merchant visitor tavernier testimony too fully corroborates the aforesaid conclusion. Let us examine his testimony introduce in Maharashtreeya Jnyankosh. “Jean Baptiste Tavernier, a French jeweler, toured India for trade between 1641 and 1668 A.D. His travel account is mainly devoted to commerce. He used to sojourn at Surat and Agra (while in India). He visited all parts of India, including Bengal, Gujrat, Punjab, Madras, Karnatak, etc. He owned a vehicle .He had to spend Rs. 600 for the cart and pair of bullocks. ‘The bullocks used to cover 40 miles a day for two months at a stretch. Four days were enough for the journey from Surat to Agra or Golcunda and the expense used to be between Rs. 40 and Rs.50. The roads were as good as Roman highways. European traveler’s felt inconvenienced in Hindu territories for want of meat, which was freely available in Invader dominions. A good postal system was in vogue. Both the town –folk and the government used to provide protection against highway robbery’…is the kind of information Travernier has recorded (in his book titled Travels in India). Not being learned, he has not recorded much except where wealth and commerce was concerned.
66.                     That the other important piece of evidence arises from some chance digging conducted in the Garden in front of the marble edifice early in the year 1973 A.D. It so happened that the fountains developed some defect .It was therefore thought advisable to inspect the main pipe that lay imbedded underneath. When the ground was dug to that level some hollows were noticed going down to another five feet. Therefore the ground was dug to that depth. And to the utter surprise of all there lay at that depth another set of fountains hitherto unknown. What appeared more significant was that those fountains are aligned to the Taj Mahal, decisively indicating that the present building existed even before Shahjahan. Those hidden fountains could have been installed neither by Shahjahan not his successors, the British. Therefore they were of the pre-Shahjahan era. Since they were aligned to the Taj Mahal building it followed ipso facto that the building too pre-dated Shahjahan. This piece of evidence too therefore clinches the issue in favour of our conclusion that Shahjahan only commandeered an ancient Hindu temple –palace for Mumtaz’s burial.
67.                   That the archaeology officer, who supervised that digging, was Mr. R. S. Verma, a conservation assistant,  who made another chance discovery. Once while strolling staff-in-hand on the terrace near the so-called mosque and the circular well on the western flank of the marble edifice,  Mr. Verma detected a hollow sound coming from below the floor where his staff hit the terrace. He had a slab covering that spot removed and to his surprise that was an ancient opening, apparently sealed by Shahjahan, to a flight of about 50 steps reaching down into a dark corridor. The broad wall under the terrace was apparently hollow. From this it is clear that the corresponding spot on the eastern terrace also hides a similar staircase and corridor, at its bottom. And God only knows how many more such walls, apartments and stories lie sealed, hidden and unknown to the world. Thus also incidentally points to the sorry state of research with respect to the Taj Mahal. Nobody seems to have done neither any archaeological investigation in the grounds of the Taj Mahal nor conducted a diligent academic study of the whole issue. Apparently extraneous political and communal considerations have inhibited historians and archeologists from conducting any meaningful research into the origin of Taj Mahal. Such Academic cowardice is highly reprehensible.            
68.                  That Naturally when chance alien visitors like Peter Mundy visit such sites undergoing extensive superficial changes his observing that “the building is begun…. …( and ) is prosecuted with extraordinary diligence “ is not wrong .He couldn’t visualise that some generations after him posterity would be bluffed into believing that the Taj Mahal complex  was raised by Shahjahan himself .Travernier and Peter Mundy could not possibly visualize such a falsification of history and could not be more explicit. We ourselves visiting some building as chance visitors wouldn’t be more explicit. For instance if we were to visit Bombay or London at a time when somebody has acquired somebody else’s mansion and has enclosed it in massive scaffolding to renovate it for his own purpose we won’t dare or care to ask him how he acquired the building, for how much, from whom, what changes he proposed to make, and spend how much over it .We would simply refer to it as his building. Such inquiries are all the more impossible when a wide hiatus of language, race, culture authority, and wealth separates the two. Peter Mundy also fortunately records the object of the leveling up of the hillocks. The hillocks were removed, he says, ”because they might not hinder the prospect “ of the mausoleum .The very fact that within a couple of years of Mumtaz’s death the hillocks were leveled to afford a glimpse of the mausoleum clearly indicates that the Taj building complex already existed .All that was necessary was to level some of the hillocks and make the building visible from a distance. In fact the very object of the ancient Hindu builders of the Taj raising those hillocks seems from Mundy’s noting, to prevent the tempting Taj to be the target of a malicious enemy’s attack. Since Shahjahan was converting it into a tomb open to all and sundry, he no longer had the need to keep it out of the gaze of enmical people.
69.                 That Waldemar Hansen notes on pages 181-182 of his book (titled “The Peacock Throne”, published by Holt, Rhinehart and Winston) that “Even as early as 1632 on the first anniversary of Mumtaz Mahal’s death, the courtyard of the mausoleum in progress had been adorned with superb tents, with the entire court assembled to pay homage- princes of the royal blood, grandees and an assemblage of religious scholars including sheikhs, ulemas and hafizes who knew the whole Koran by heart. Shahjahan had graced the event with his presence, and as the empress’s father Asaf Khan was present by imperial request, a great banquet was spread before the then nascent tomb and guests partook of a variety of foods, sweetmeats, and fruits. Verses from the Koran filled the air, prayers were offered for the soul of the dead and a hundred thousand rupees went into charity. In later years on other anniversary days, Shahjahan attended memorials at the incomplete edifice whenever in Agra, formally accompanied by Jahanara and the harem .The ladies always occupied a central platform set up for the occasion, and remained concealed from the public gaze by kanats, screens of red cloth and velvet. Noblemen gathered under pitched tents.
70.                      That the Taj Mahal originated as a temple -The inscription in Sanskrit has 34 stanzas of which stanzas 25,26 and 34 being relevant to our topic are reproduced as translation. Translated, these means:”He (King Parmardi Dev or on his behalf his minister Salakshan) raised a palace which had inside it the idol of Lord Vishnu whose feet the king used to touch with his (bowed) head.

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  1. ABSTRACT
    This paper deals with the Taj Mahal, the magnificent marble edifice on the banks of the river Jamuna, in the southern part of Agra city. It is generally believed by historians and laymen alike that the building was erected as a mausoleum by the 5th generation Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, and that the period of its construction was 1631-53 AD.
    The basis of these claims has been questioned by Shri P. N. Oak in his book “The Taj Mahal is a Temple Palace.” The substance of Shri Oak’s thesis is that the edifice was originally built as a temple in the 12th century AD, and was subsequently used as a palace by the alien aggressors. The building again fell into the hands of the Rajput kings during the period of Humayun, and was put to use as a palace by Raja Man Singh of Jaipur. And that it was finally commandeered by Shah Jahan from Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur, and was converted into a mausoleum.
    The controversy assumes importance as it questions some of the basic premises of mediaeval Indian archeology. This paper attempts to place in perspective some of the pertinent questions that arise on the subject.
    I HISTORY
    1. INTRODUCTION
    The legend of the Taj Mahal tells us that it was built by Shah Jahan (1628-1658 AD), the fifth generation Mogul Emperor, as a mausoleum to his wife Mumtaz Mahal. And that 20,000 men worked incessantly for 22 years to complete the magnificent marble edifice.
    Mumtaz died in 1631 AD, at Barhanpur where she was buried and a mausoleum was erected. Six months later her body was shifted to Agra to be buried in what is known as the Temporary Grave–which is demarcated and can be seen even today–a few meters to the southwest of the Taj Mahal. And subsequently her body was laid to rest inside the Taj Mahal.
    The main supporting pieces of the above thesis are cited from the following documents, which will be discussed in detail in the course of this paper.
    i) The Badshahnama1, an important court journal of Shah Jahan, written by Mulla Abdul Hamid Lahori.
    ii) The firmans (court orders) of Shah Jahan to Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur2, pertaining to the acquisition of marble from the Makrana quarries in Rajasthan.
    iii) Travelogue of Peter Mundy3, an employee of the East India Company, who visited Agra between 1631-1633 AD.
    iiii) Travelogue of J. B. Tavernier4, a French merchant who visited India five times between 1638-1668 AD.
    The Taj Mahal is a seven storeyed edifice with its plinth at the level of the riverbed. The courtyard in front of the building corresponds to the third storey of the edifice. The entire skeleton of the edifice is made of red stone, the top four floors being plastered with marble. It measures a height of 243 ½ ft (whereas the Qutb Minar of Delhi is only 238 ft). The marble platform (4th storey) on which the central edifice is standing has a floor area of 328 ft x 328 ft, and has four marble minarets at its corners. The marble superstructure covers an area of 187 ft x 187 ft with 33 ft chambers cut off at each corner. It has a huge central dome with an inner diameter of 58 ft and a wall thickness of 14 ft — surrounded by four smaller copulas with a diameter of 26’8″.

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  2. The central edifice is flanked with two identical red-stone buildings–the one on the western side is a mosque and the other a community hall–each having three domes. Facing the main building at the other end of the courtyard is the Main Gateway, which is a four-storeyed edifice covering a floor area of 140 ft x 110 ft. Midway between the Gateway and the marble edifice, there are two identical double-storeyed buildings, placed on either side of the courtyard known as the “Nagar Khanas” (Drum Houses). The courtyard covers a net area of 1460 ft x 100 ft.
    Outside the Main Gateway is the Great courtyard, which covers an additional area of 430 ft x 1000 ft, having rows of redstone constructions, at present used as shops. Thus, the Taj Complex covers a net area of 1890 ft x 1000 ft, which is roughly equal to half the area of the Red Fort of Agra. The whole complex is perfectly symmetrical about the North-South axis, the two halves forming mirror images of each other to minutest details.
    It must have been a challenging project both architecturally and financially, so much so that it made both Shah Jahan and his wife immortal. But it is surprising that in none of the hitherto known court papers of Shah Jahan–there are several of them–there is any record of the date of its commencement or of its completion, or the total period of its construction or the details of expenditure. (There is a brief remark in the Badshahnama that the expenditure incurred upon the building was Rs. 40 lakhs. And the present estimate of 20,000 workers and 22 years are based upon the writings of Tavernier, which shall be examined later.) Besides, several details of traditional Hindu symbolism can be located at various places in the Taj Complex. Therefore, it is a pertinent question whether Shah Jahan himself built the edifice, or he converted an existing building into a mausoleum.

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  3. 2. Court Papers
    Badshahnama, one of the most important court journals of Shah Jahan, deals with the burial of Mumtaz in two pages of its first volume (pp.403-404). A line by line translation of these pages was provided by Sri P. N. Oak5 in his book published in 1966. The following passages are quoted from that source.
    (On) “Friday–15th Jamadi-ul Awwal, the sacred dead body of the traveller to the kingdom of Holiness, hazrat Mumtaz-ul Zamani–who was buried temporarily…. was brought to the capital Akbarabad (Agra)…
    The site covered with magnificent lush garden, to the south of that great city and amidst which (garden) the building known as the palace of Raja Mansingh, at present owned by Raja Jaisingh (Pesh az ein Manzil-e Rajan Mansingh bood Wadaree Waqt ba Raja Jaisingh), grandson (of Mansingh) was selected for the burial of the queen whose abode is in heaven.
    “Although Raja Jaisingh valued it greatly as his ancestral heritage and property, yet would have been agreeable to part with it gratis for the Emperor Shahjahan. (Still) out of sheer scrupulousness so essential in the matters of bereavement and religious sanctity, in exchange of that grand place, he was granted a piece of government land (Dar’ awaz aan aali Manzil-e az khalisa-e sharifah badoo marahmat farmoodand) after the arrival of the dead body in that great city on 15th Jamadul Soniya.
    “Next year that illustrious body of the heavenly queen was laid to rest. The officials of the capital, according to the royal orders of the day, under the sky-high lofty mausoleum hid the pious lady from the eyes of the world, and the edifice so majestic and with a dome, and so lofty in its stature, is a memorial to the courage of sky-dimensions of the king–and a strength so mighty in resolution so firm–the foundation was laid and geomatricians of farsight and architects of talent incurred an expenditure of Rs. 40 lakhs (chihal lakh roopiah) on this building.”
    Normally, the above quoted passages would need no further commentary. It is explicitly stated that the “palace of Raja Mansingh was selected for the burial of the queen”. That it is no ordinary building is obvious as Raja Jaisingh “valued it greatly as his ancestral heritage and property”. And piece of government land was given in exchange of that great palace (aali manzil). The transaction was clinched only after the arrival of the dead body in Agra (which explains the presence of the Temporary Grave). The body was finally buried in the “sky-high lofty mausoleum” the following year (probably soon after the palace was suitably modified). And the subsequent decorations and calligraphical work upon the building cost Rs. 40 lakhs.

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  4. What then is the basis of the claim that Shah Jahan built the edifice? In the last paragraph quoted above, there occurs a phrase, “…foundation was laid…” Some historians interpret it to mean that Shah Jahan laid the foundation of a new edifice–the Taj Mahal, and the support to this view is drawn from the Persian line quoted in the third paragraph dealing with the transaction. It is interpreted as a grand palace being granted to Raja Jai Singh in exchange of the land for building the mausoleum.
    From the clear and explicit reference to Raja Man Singh’s palace, and the absence of any details about the duration and efforts involved in building the gigantic edifice, the operative phrase, “foundation was laid” can also be viewed as a figurative reference to the initiation of alterations in the edifice. However, the controversy makes it necessary to examine the issue more carefully.
    The confusion can be resolved only by examining all other evidences including the architecture of the edifice. The details of architecture–the bulbous dome and the minarets being Mogul characteristics, etc.–are examined in the second part of this paper; but it is relevant to examine one particular aspect of the architecture at this stage.
    As mentioned earlier, the Taj Mahal is a multi-storeyed edifice with its plinth at the level of the riverbed. The entire skeleton of the edifice is of brick and red-stone, with the superstructure standing upon the red-stone terrace being plastered with marble. In Mogul tombs it is customary to have two graves: the real grave containing the dead body in the basement of the building, and a well decorated cenotaph meant for the public eye on the upper floor. In the Taj Mahal the real grave is on the third storey of the edifice and the decorated cenotaph is on the fourth.
    The basement floor is now completely sealed; but the floor immediately below the real grave has long corridor running East-West on the northern part of the edifice, which can be entered at either end by means of staircases from the red-stone terrace. The corridor is 5’8″ wide and about 322 ft long and opens into 22 rooms (between the corridor and the river side wall) of sizes ranging from 11 ft x 20 ft, to 22 ft x 20 ft. These rooms had windows opening to the riverside, but all of them are permanently sealed with brick and mortar from inside and with red-stone slabs having floral decorations from outside. On the other side of the corridor there are at least three entrances opening to the South, which are crudely sealed with brick and mortar. The staircases to the corridor from the floor above were detected in 1900 AD.
    If the edifice was originally constructed for the purpose of a tomb, of what utility were these underground chambers conceived? And then why were they sealed subsequently? Or, was it that the edifice was originally constructed for an altogether different purpose?

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  5. Badshahnama (vol I, p. 384) records the date of Mumtaz’s death at Barhanpur as the 17th Zi-it Quada 1040 AH (20th June, 1631). The passages quoted above mentions the date of arrival of the dead body at Agra as the 15th Jamad-ul Sanya 1041 AH (8th Jan., 1632). But the date of final burial of Mumtaz inside the Taj Mahal is not precisely recorded, except that it was done the following year.
    That it was done certainly before the 25th February, 1633 becomes obvious from the writings of Peter Mundy (see Section 5), who finally left Agra on the date but has recorded that he had seen a rail of gold around the tomb of Mumtaz.
    A completed mausoleum at Barhanpur indicates that the idea of a sepulcher in Agra must have occurred to Shah Jahan at least a few months after the death of Mumtaz. And the burial inside the Taj was complete with costly decorations and the tourists were allowed to visit by February, 1633. Even if one were to accept that the burial was done when the building was still under construction, it is unlikely that the cenotaph on the 4th storey would be decorated with gold, etc., unless the three lower floors of the edifice were complete.
    How does it compare with the supposed period of construction of the Taj Mahal, 1631-53 AD? Is it plausible that beginning with the selection of the architects and building plan, the lower three floors of the edifice would be raised upon the riverbed within the span of a year?
    3. Therefore, the translations quoted above regarding the acquisition of Raja Man Singh’s palace seem to be the correct interpretation of the Badshahnama. However, there is another aspect of the question which needs to be examined. Could it be that the marble superstructure upon the red-stone terrace was erected by Shah Jahan himself?

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  6. Aurangzeb’s Letter
    In the year 1652 AD, Aurangzeb assumed charge as the Governor of Deccan. On his way, he visited Agra and inspected the Taj Mahal. In his letter written from Dholpur6, he wrote about the badly needed repairs to the Taj Mahal. Excerpts from the translation of the letter provided by M. S. Vats are quoted below:
    “The dome of the holy tomb leaked in two places towards the north during the rainy season and so also the fair semi-domed arches, many of the galleries on the second storey, the four smaller domes, the four northern compartments and seven arched underground chambers which have developed cracks. During the rains last year the terrace over the main dome also leaked in two or three places. It has been repaired, but it remains to be seen during the ensuing rainy season how far the operations prove successful. The domes of the Mosque and the Jama’at Khana leaked during the rains…
    “The master builders are of the opinion that if the roof of the second storey is reopened and dismantled and treated afresh with concrete, over which half a yard of mortar grout is laid the semi-domed arches, the galleries and the smaller domes will probably become watertight, but they are unable to suggest any measures of repairs to the main dome…”
    The letter is eloquent enough. In 1652 AD, the dome of the holy tomb, the fair semi-domed arches, the four smaller domes and the domes of the Mosque and the Jama’at Khana all had developed serious defects. How does it compare with the supposed period of its construction 1631-53 AD?
    And do the master builders of Shah Jahan who were “unable to suggest any measures of repairs to the main dome” appear to be the original architects of the edifice? Does it mean that the statement of Badshahnama, “Next year that illustrious body… was laid to rest… under the sky-high lofty mausoleum… with a dome” is literally true?

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  7. 4. The Firmans
    There are records of three firmans by Shah Jahan to Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur pertaining to the acquisition of marble2. These firmans are cited as a conclusive proof of the claim that it was Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal.
    i) dated 9 Rajab, 1041 Hijra (Jan 21, 1632)
    “As a great number of carts are required for transportation of marble needed for constructing building (at the capital), a firman was previously sent to you (to procure them). It is again desired of you, that as many carts on hire be arranged as possible in the earliest time, as has already been written to you, and be dispatched to Makrana for expediting the transport of marble to the capital. Every assistance be given to Allahood who has been deputed to arrange the transportation of marble to Akbarabad. Account (of expenditure on carts) along with the previous account of amount allocated for the purchase of marble be submitted (to the mutsaddi in charge of payment).
    ii) dated 4 Rabi-ul-Awwal, 1043 Al Hijra (Sept. 9, 1632)
    “Mulkshah has been deputed to Amber (Amer) to bring marble from the new mines (of Makrana). It is commended that carts on hire be arranged for transportation of marble and Mulkshah be assisted to purchase as much marble as he may desire to have. The purchase price of marble and cartage shall be paid by him from the treasury. Every other assistance be given to him to procure and bring marble and sculptors to the capital expeditiously.”
    iii) dated 7 Saffer, 1047 Al Hijra (June 21, 1637)
    “We hear that your men detain the stone-cutters of the region at Amber and Rajnagar. This creates shortage of stone-cutters (miners) at Makrana and the work (of procuring marble) suffers. Hence it is desired of you that no stone-cutter be detained at Amber and Rajnagar and all of them who are available be sent to the mutsaddis of Makrana.”
    The firmans conclusively prove that Shah Jahan did acquire marble from the Makrana quarries. But does it also prove that he was the original builder of the Taj Mahal?
    The marble walls of the cenotaph chamber, the border of the door arches and the top border of the entire edifice are replete with Koranic inscriptions which can be attributed only to Shah Jahan, even if he was not the builder of the edifice. It is said that fourteen chapters of Holy Koran are inscribed on the walls of the Taj Mahal. In addition, there is commendable amount of inlay-work and flower carving in the Taj Mahal. All these would require considerable amount of fresh marble.

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  8. The body of Mumtaz arrived at Agra and was buried in a temporary grave on the 8th of January, 1632. In the firman written barely a fortnight later, Shah Jahan refers to a previous letter and orders Jai Singh to arrange for the transportation of marble “in the earliest time”. That is, the acquisition of marble had begun at about the same time when the body was shifted to Agra. As noted earlier, the lower two floors (and all the other buildings in the Taj Complex) are completely of brick and red stone. Even the skeleton of the marble superstructure is made of brick–for example, the Central dome has a wall thickness of 14 ft, of which only 6 inches on either side is of marble and the rest of 13 ft is of brick. Therefore, if the edifice were to be raised from the foundation onward–not to speak of the selection of architects and building plan, etc.–it is unlikely that the work involving marble would have begun so soon. (It is noteworthy that a completed mausoleum at Barhanpur indicates that the idea of a sepulcher in Agra must have occurred to Shah Jahan only a few months after the death of Mumtaz.) Therefore, it is only reasonable to attribute the acquisition of marble to the alterations in an already existing edifice–the palace of Raja Man Singh.

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  9. 5. Peter Mundy
    He was an employee of the East India Company, and visited Agra three times between 1631 and 1633. His last visit was between 22nd Dec, 1632 and 25th Feb, 1633. He has noted in his Travelogue (pp. 208-213):
    “Places of note (in and about Agra) are castle, King Akbar’s tombe, Moholl’s tombe, garden and bazare…
    “The king is now building a sepulchre for his late deceased queen Taje Maholl… There is already about her tombe a rail of gold… the building is begun and goes on with excessive labor and cost, prosecuted with extraordinary diligence, gold and silver esteemed common metal and marble but ordinary stones…”
    Mundy uses two phrases, “The king is now building a sepulchre…” and “The building is begun…” which can be understood as Shah Jahan was actually erecting an edifice.
    But he also states that the Taj Mahal was already a centre of tourist attraction (in 1632-33 AD) comparable with Akbar’s tomb and the fort. The cenotaph on the fourth storey was complete with a gold railing around it, and the tourists were allowed to visit the grave. “The building is begun”, declares Peter Mundy, and the work in progress had much to do with “gold and silver… and marble”. Was it the erection of the edifice or was it calligraphy and decorations?

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  10. 6. J. B. Tavernier
    Great importance is attached to Tavernier’s (a French merchant) records about the Taj Mahal, as he was an impartial foreigner. His writings form the most important basis of the claim that Shah Jahan was the original builder of the Taj Mahal. He visited India five times between 1638-1668 AD. Excerpts from his Travelogue (Book I, pp. 110-111):
    “I witnessed the commencement and accomplishment of the great work on which they expended 22 years during which 20,000 men worked incessantly…
    “It is said that the scaffolding alone cost more than the entire work, because, for want of wood, they had all to be made of brick as well as the support of the arches.”
    Tavernier made his first appearance in Agra in the winter of 1640-41 AD (Dr. Ball’s Introduction, p. xiv) nearly a decade after the death of Mumtaz and makes the claim that he was an eye-witness to the commencement of the Taj Mahal. In the light of the discussion so far, it is superfluous to comment upon this part of the claim. But was he a witness to the completion of the building?
    The marble walls of the cenotaph chamber are full of Koranic inscriptions8, which ends with the name of the calligrapher and the dates “…written by the insignificant being Amanat Khan Shirazi in the year 1048 Hijri and the 12th year of His Majesty’s reign.” (i.e, 1639 AD)
    That is, the calligraphical work was complete at least a year before Tavernier first visited Agra. Therefore, if at all he had seen any work going on in the building, it can only be the last stages of decorations, not to speak of the erection of the edifice.
    He then makes the other important claim that 20,000 men worked incessantly for 22 years to complete the building. This statement seems to the be the basis of the claim that the building was constructed between 1631-53 AD, though, obviously, it does not tally with his claim about its commencement. Nor does the supposed date of completion (1653 AD) tally with Tavernier’s claim of seeing it completed. It is true that he visited India during 1651-55; but he did not visit Agra during that trip. His route, according to V. Ball, was Masulipttam-Madras-Gandekot-Golconda-Surat-Ahmedabad-Surat-Ahmedabad-Golconda-Surat. It is probable, as noted earlier, that he had seen the decorative work completed in the Taj during his first visit to Agra in 1640-41 AD. However, the validity of his claim can be more conclusively examined by comparing it with the expenditure incurred upon the building (Rs. 40 lakhs) as claimed in the Badshahnama.
    If the above amount is assumed to have been spent purely upon the labour charges to the exclusion of material costs, then the average salary of a worker comes out to be three-quarters of a rupee per month. Obviously, the lowest paid worker would be getting only a small fraction of this amount. Compare it with Tavernier’s own account (Book I, p. 46) of contemporary labour charges “…you pay each attendant for everything only 4 rupees a month, but up to 5 rupees when the journey is long.”
    Surprisingly, he then goes on to quote a rumour, that the brick scaffolding alone had cost more than the entire work! Is this claim reliable? Can the cost of brick scaffolding be more than that of the marble edifice? If at all it is true, then the “entire work” can only mean the alterations in the building and not the erection of it.
    That is, the claims of Tavernier regarding the commencement of the edifice, the duration of the work and the labour involved are unreliable; but the rumour he quoted appears to be closer to truth.

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  11. 7. Other Records
    (i) Havell9 quotes a Persian manuscript having the name of several chief craftsmen working in the Taj Mahal as drawing monthly salaries ranging from Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1000/-. The name of the chief calligrapher (Amanat Khan Shirazi) listed in the manuscript is also inscribed inside the cenotaph chamber (Section 6). And, therefore, the manuscript seems to be authentic (Table 1).
    It lists the names of a chief architect (Ustad Isa), a dome expert (Ismail Khan Rumi), two pinnacle experts, four calligraphers, four inlay workers, five flower carvers, six master masons, etc. The net salary of 20 of these craftsmen exceeds Rs. one lakh per year. It further weakens the claim of Tavernier, since it reduces the average salary of the rest of 20,000 workers to less than half the amount calculated above.
    It is also noteworthy that the chief architect (Ustad Isa), the chief mason (Muhammad Hanief) and the chief calligrapher (Amanat Khan Shirazi)–each was drawing the highest salary of Rs. 1000/- per month. If the chief architect were the one who conceived and designed the Taj Mahal, it is unlikely that he would be treated at par with the chief mason and the calligrapher. Note also the fact that among the names listed, the architect and the dome expert are vastly outnumbered by the masons, calligraphers, flower-carvers and inlay workers.
    (ii) Fray Sebastion Manrique10, a Portugese traveller who also visited Agra at about the same time (winter of 1640-41) as Tavernier did. Excerpts from his Travelogue:
    “On this building as well as other works, 1000 men were usually engaged as overseers, officials and workmen; of these many were occupied in laying out ingenious gardens, others planting shady groves and ornamental avenues; while the rest were making roads and those receptacles for the crystal water, without which their labour could not be carried out.
    “The architect of these works was a Venetian, by the name Geronimo Veroneo, who had come to this part in a Portugese ship and died in the city of Lahore just before I reached it… Fame, the swift conveyor of good and evil news, had spread the story that the Emperor summoned him and informed him that he desired to erect a great and sumptuous tomb to his dead wife, and he was required to draw up some design for this, for the Emperor’s inspection… The architect Veroneo carried out this order… He (Shah Jahan) told Veroneo to spend 3 crores of rupees, that is 300 lakhs, and to inform him it was expended.”
    Manrique quotes a prevalent story about the architect Veroneo (who died before the arrival of Manrique) and the expenditure of Rs. 3 crores. But this seems to be a boneless legend, since it is enormously at variance with the Persian manuscript (which records the name of Ustad Isa as the chief architect) and the official account of expenditure (Rs. 40 lakhs) as recorded in the Badshahnama.
    But Manrique seems to be an eye-witness for the work inside the Taj Complex, since he is very specific about the nature of the work in the gardens. He does not say anything about the work upon the edifice, which also tallies well with the inscription inside the cenotaph chamber that the calligraphical work was complete by 1639 AD.
    He mentions the number of workers to be around 1,000. This is significantly different from the claim of Tavernier; but it tallies well with the expenditure upon the building, as stated in the Badshahnama. If it is assumed that a thousand workers worked in the Taj Complex for a decade since 1632 AD, making allowance for the salaries of the chief craftsmen mentioned in the Persian manuscript, the average salary of the rest of 1000 workers comes out to be Rs. 25/- per month. Compared with the contemporary labour charges, this claim appears to be more reasonable than that of Tavernier. (The actual number of workers would certainly be fluctuating and their average number over the decade could be substantially lower than what Manrique had seen in 1641.)

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  12. TABLE – 1
    Taj Mahal – Details of Monthly Salaries
    (From a Persian Manuscript placed in the National Library, Calcutta, as quoted by E. B. Havell, pp. 31-33)
    1. Ustad Isa (Agra/Shiraz) Chief Architect Rs. 1,000
    2. Ismail Khan Rumi (Rum) Dome Expert Rs. 500
    3. Muhammad Sharif (Samarkhan) Pinnacle Expert Rs. 500
    4. Kasim Khan (Lahore) Pinnacle Experts Rs. 295
    5. Muhammad Hanief (Khandahar) Master Mason Rs. 1,000
    6. Muhammad Sayyid (Multan) Master Mason Rs. 590
    7. Abu Torah (Multan) Master Mason Rs. 500
    8. – - – (Delhi) Master Mason Rs. 400
    9. – - – (Delhi) Master Mason Rs. 375
    10. – - – (Delhi) Master Mason Rs. 375
    11. Amanat Khan Shirazi (Shiraz) Calligrapher Rs. 1,000
    12. Qadar Zaman Calligrapher Rs. 800
    13. Muhammad Khan (Bagdad) Calligrapher Rs. 500
    14. Raushan Khan (Syria) Calligrapher Rs. 300
    15. Chiranji Lal (Kanauj) Inlay Worker Rs. 800
    16. Chhoti Lal (Kanauj) Inlay Worker Rs. 380
    17. Mannu Lal (Kanauj) Inlay Worker Rs. 200
    18. Manuhar Singh (Kanauj) Inlay Worker Rs. 200
    19. Ata Muhammad (Bokhara) Flower Carver Rs. 500
    20. Shaker Muhammad (Bokhara) Flower Carver Rs. 400
    21. Banuhar Flower Carver - – -
    22. Shah Mal Flower Carver - – -
    23. Zorawar Flower Carver - – -
    24. Pira (Delhi) Carpenter - – -
    25. Ram Lal Kashmiri (Kashmir) Garden Expert - – -

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  13. 8. Age of the Taj Mahal
    Modern techniques of archaeometry are used to determine the approximate age of historical buildings with reasonable accuracy. Marvin Mills11 of New York reports about the Carbon-14 dating of the Taj Mahal: “Another item of evidence concerning the alleged date of the Taj is adduced from a radiocarbon date from a piece of wood from a door on the north facade of the Jumuna River’s bank. The sample was tested by Dr. Even Williams, director of the Brooklyn College Radiocarbon Laboratory. The date came to 1359 AD with a spread of 89 years on either side and 67% probability, Masca corrected.”
    That is, it can be said with 67% certainty that the particular door was made during the period 1270-1448 AD. However, the radio-carbon dating of a single door is not a conclusive evidence about the age of the building for two reasons; the sample itself might be contaminated. And that there is a possibility of the door being a subsequent replacement of the original one in the ancient edifice. Therefore, to arrive at a conclusion, more such samples need to be examined.
    To sum up: The statement of Badshahnama about the acquisition of Raja Man Singh’s palace for the burial of the queen is clear and explicit. The numerous underground chambers and Aurangzeb’s exhaustive list of defects in all the three major buildings, including all the five domes of the marble edifice give the distinct impression that the edifice was already ancient and was built for an altogether different purpose. The statement of Peter Mundy that the cenotaph (which is on the fourth storey of the edifice) was complete with costly decorations in 1632-33 AD, and that the Taj Mahal was already a centre of tourist attraction, only support the above claim. The radio carbon test result, though not conclusive about the date, makes the above conclusion more emphatic.
    The work upon the building might have started in 1632 AD and must have lasted as the inscription inside the cenotaph chamber indicates–for nearly a decade. The records of Tavernier regarding the date of commencement, total duration of work and labour involved are not reliable.
    The firmans, if viewed in isolation, can mean that Shah Jahan was actually erecting the marble superstructure. But in the light of other evidences, the acquisition of marble could only be for the purpose of alterations in the edifice. The Persian manuscript listing the names of several craftsmen and their salaries, and the rumour quoted by Tavernier, further support this thesis.
    It may be relevant to discuss another pertinent point at this stage. Usually the court historians do not spare an opportunity to indulge in needless hyperboles to enhance the glory of their paymasters. But in the 1600 pages of Badshahnama, only two pages deal with the burial of Mumtaz and only one paragraph can be construed as dealing with the construction of the Taj Mahal. If Shah Jahan were to undertake so challenging a project like the Taj Mahal, does it not merit greater attention in the Badshahnama than the single paragraph quoted above? And that the date of Mumtaz’s burial more than a casual reference?

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  14. II – ARCHITECTURE
    The discussion upon the historical evidences raises many pertinent questions regarding the architecture of the building. Does the edifice look like a palace or like a Mogul tomb? Is not the dome–the bulbous dome–a characteristic of Mogul architecture? Do the minarets and the single pointed arch not have religious significance in Islamic architecture? The discussion upon the Taj Mahal cannot be complete unless one finds satisfactory answers to the above questions.
    Many historians (Havell, Batley, Kenoyer, Hunter, etc.), from time to time, have pointed out that the architecture of the Taj Mahal is not in the traditions of Saracenic style but resembles that of a Hindu temple. But this view has largely gone unnoticed primarily because it runs against the grain of some of the accepted premises of Indo-Saracenic architecture.
    The single pointed door arch had great religious significance in Saracenic architecture as it represents the one and the only God of Islam. Such arches are commonly seen in the Islamic architecture of Bagdad and surrounding places, and hence it is generally believed that the single pointed arch and the arcuate style (as against the trabeate style) of constructing it are exclusive innovations or Saracenic architecture. And that it arrived at India as a resultant contribution of Afghan invasion at the close of the 12th century.
    It is also generally believed that the bulbous dome seen in the Taj Mahal, migrated to India from Samarkhand, subsequent to the establishment of Mogul dynasty by Babur in the 16th century. There are significant differences between the Arab domes seen in Bagdad and Egypt and the dome of Taj Mahal, the bulbous dome of Samarkhand forming the link between the two. Since the arcuate style of constructing the arches and domes is believed to be exclusively of Saracenic origin, it is also believed that the bulbous dome originated outside India.
    These premises were originally propounded by the well-known British historian James Fergusson12 who conducted the pioneer work in the field of Indian archaeology for nearly five decades from around 1835 AD. His assumptions–widely accepted today–preclude the question of the Taj Mahal being a Hindu construction. However, the historical evidences discussed so far, call for a thorough examination of the architecture of the edifice, notwithstanding the assumptions.

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  15. 9. The Arch And The Dome
    It is not necessary here to go into the debate whether the single pointed arch (and the arcuate style of constructing it) was exclusively of Saracenic origin. Even if it were so, it was well assimilated into the Hindu architecture by the middle of the 14th century. In the latter half of the 14th century the rulers of Vijayanagara (1346-1563 AD) in South India employed the single pointed arch in their construction. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to assume that it was used in the Hindu architecture of North India several decades earlier. This tallies well with the approximate period of construction of the Taj Mahal, as suggested by the radio-carbon dating (i.e. 1359 AD).
    However, the assumption that the bulbous dome originated in Samarkhand requires a closer examination. The initiation and development of medieval architecture of Samarkhand is attributed to Timurlung (1394-1404 AD), the 6th generation predecessor of Emperor Babur. He invaded India in 1398 AD and after sacking Delhi and surrounding cities, carried off a large number of architects and other craftsman as captive labour to build his capital Samarkhand. A passage from his autobiography (Malfuzat-i-Timuri) would be illustrative:
    “I ordered that all the artisans and clever mechanics who were masters of their respective crafts should be picked out from among the prisoners and set aside, and accordingly some thousands of craftsmen were selected to await my command. All these I distributed among the princes and amirs who were present, or who were engaged officially in other parts of my dominions. I had determined to build a Masjid-i-Jami in Samarkhand, the seat of my empire, which should be without a rival in my country; so I ordered that all builders and stone masons should be set apart for my own especial service.”13

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  16. It is important to note that the approximate period of construction of the Taj Mahal is around 1359 AD, whereas Timurlung invaded India in 1398 AD. Could it be that the bulbous dome was prevalent in India during that period and migrated to Samarkhand through the captive architects?
    There are several important points which need to be considered in favour of the above conjecture:
    (i) Similar buildings of the same period: There are several (more than a hundred) Jaina temples in the sacred mounts of Sonagarh (Bundelkhand) and Muktagiri (Berar) which contain the bulbous domes as well as the single pointed arches. Fergusson (p.62) attributes these temples to the 16th and 17th centuries, but it is important to note his uncertainty about their true antiquity: “So far as can be made out most of these temples date from 16th and 17th centuries, though a few of them may be older. Their original foundation may be earlier, but of that we know nothing, no one having yet enlightened us on the subject, nor explained how and when this hill became a sacred mount.
    In fact, Fergusson here uses his own assumption (about the origin of the bulbous dome) as the touchstone to determine the period of the superstructure though he could not reconcile their foundations to the same period.
    (ii) The Lotus Canopy: various kinds of domes were used in the ancient temples of Mount Abu, Girnar, Udayapur, Mylass, Carla, etc., some of them as old as the 4th century AD. All types of domes in these temples are topped with an inverted lotus flower, its stem forming the pinnacle of the building. The bulbous domes of Sonagarh and Muktagiri also contain the lotus canopy. And every single dome in the Taj Campus contains a similar lotus canopy. Havell (pp.23-26) traces the constituent elements of the Taj dome to the Hindu Shilpa Shastra, and the lotus canopy to the ‘Mahapadma’ in the ‘stupi’ (pinnacle) of the ‘vimana’ type of temple dome.
    It is noteworthy that the lotus is a sacred flower of the Hindus associated with their gods and goddesses, whereas it does not seem to have any special significance in Islamic culture, and the Saracenic architecture of Samarkhan, Persia, Bagdad and Egypt do not contain the lotus canopy over the dome. Even the Humayun’s tomb, widely believed to be the prototype of the Taj, does not contain the lotus canopy.

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  17. In this regard, it is necessary to clarify another point. There are many Hindu religious symbols seen in the Taj Mahal, which are often attributed to the religious tolerance of Shah Jahan, under whom the Hindu craftsmen enjoyed considerable freedom. But the Persian manuscript (Section 7) lists the names of Ustad Isa and Ismail Khan Rumi as the chief architect and the dome expert respectively. There is some ambiguity about the nativity of Ustad Isa (as to whether he was a citizen of Agra or of Shiraz), but the dome expert, as the name suggests, was from Rum which means the area around Bagdad and Mesopotamia. Is it plausible that the dome expert from the heartland of Islam, built the dome according to the Shilpa Shastra with a lotus canopy?
    (Incidently, what was this dome expert doing in the Taj Mahal? He was drawing a stately salary of Rs. 500/- per month, and if Aurangzeb’s letter (Section 3) is to be believed, he did not even carry out the badly needed repairs to any of the five domes of the marble edifice!)
    (iii) Arrangement of Domes: In architecture, even minor details normally embody certain meaning, and it would be more so in the case of gigantic domes which form the most important aspect of such buildings. Do the arrangements of numerous domes in the Taj Complex have any special significance?
    A well-known authority on Indian architecture E. B. Havell (pp.22-23) points out: “… the arrangement of the roofing of the mausoleum itself consists of five domes… this structural arrangement is not Saracenic, but essentially Hindu. It is known in Hindu architecture as the pancharatna, the shrine of the five jewels, or the five-headed lingam of Siva… A typical example of it is found in one of the small shrines of Chandi Sewa at Prambanam in Java, which has an arrangement of domes strikingly similar to that of the Taj.” (According to Sir Stanford Raffles, the Chandi Sewa temple was completed in 1098 AD.)
    In front of the marble edifice, at the other end of the courtyard is the main Gateway which contains 22 mini-domes arranged on top of two parallel walls–one facing the Taj Mahal and the other facing the outer southern gate. (According to the legend, it represents the 22 years it took to build the Taj Mahal. The legend has its origin in the records of Tavernier, which is already examined in an earlier section, and is found baseless.)
    It is noteworthy that the two rows of mini-domes are separated by more than 100 ft. (The floor area of the main Gateway is 140 ft x 110 ft.) And that the number derives its significance from the Ekadasa Rudra (Eleven forms of Siva?).

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  18. The central edifice is flanked with two identical buildings, each having three huge domes. Could it be that they derive their significance from the Trinity of the Hindus? There seems to be no special significance attached to the number of domes in Saracenic architecture. In India there are mediaeval mosques which can be classified as having one, three, five, ten, eleven or even fifteen domes. However, the triple domed version seems to be a distinct Indian contribution to Saracenic architecture as such buildings are scarcely seen outside India.
    (iv) The Direction of the Mosque: Normally mosques are built facing the Holy Mecca, the direction in which the faithful is commanded to turn while he prays. But the mosque inside the Taj Complex is facing the cardinal West instead of the Holy City. Marvin Mills10 of New York states: “… by the ninth century, they (Muslims) were able to calculate the direction of Mecca within two degrees from any city… the mosque that is part of the Taj complex faces due West whereas Mecca from Agra is 14 degrees 55 minutes south of West.”
    Therefore, the fact that the Taj Mahal contains the bulbous dome, in itself is not sufficient to attribute its authorship to Shah Jahan. On the other hand, the fact that the domes having lotus canopy needed repairs in 1662 AD, the arrangement of the dome in the marble edifice, the main gateway and the adjacent buildings and also the direction of the mosque give rise to speculation that the bulbous dome was part of temple architecture. The temples of Muktagiri and Sonagarh further substantiates this conjecture, indicating the possibility of the bulbous dome existing in India before the Mogul invasion in the 16th century.

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  19. 10 The Minarets
    In the mediaeval architecture of Persia and Bagdad, the minaret had a functional utility–to give call for the prayer to the faithful–in a mosque. Several of the mediaeval mosques in Gujarat do contain such minarets. But in the northern Gangetic plain, during the first four centuries of Pathan architecture, the minaret was not part of the building, with the sole exception of the mosque of Ajmer. (The mosque of Ajmer was one of the two earliest buildings built by the invading Afghans, and subsequently its minarets fell off due to the faulty construction.) Says Fergusson (pp.219-20): “…minarets…so far as I know, were not attached to mosques during the so-called Pathan period. The call to prayer was made from the roof; and except the first rude attempt at Ajmer, I do not know an instance of a minaret built solely for such a purpose, though they were, as we know, universal in Egypt and elsewhere long before this time, and were considered nearly indispensable in the buildings of the Mughals very shortly afterwards.”
    However, the style and the purpose of the minarets of the Taj Mahal appear to be quite different from those of the Saracenic architecture of Persia or Bagdad for two reasons:
    (i) The marble edifice, which is a mausoleum, has four minarets at its corners, whereas the adjacent mosque for which a minaret would have been of functional utility does not have any.
    (ii) In pure Saracenic architecture, the minaret normally rises from the shoulder of the edifice to well-above the dome. In the case of the Taj Mahal, they stand separated from the edifice and are shorter than the domes.
    Therefore, the purpose of the minarets is not functional but decorative, and the inspiration behind them is not Saracenic.
    In fact, the “era of minarets” seems to have begun with Shah Jahan himself. Among the buildings of his predecessors, only one–the southern gateway to Sikandara (Akbar’s tomb) in Agra–contains four marble minarets. But there is good reason to believe that those are subsequent additions (probably by Shah Jahan himself) and not part of original design. Apart from the contrast of the marble minarets standing on top of red-stone gateway, to quote Satish Grover1 “the location of the minarets over the parapets flanking the main entrance, is to say the least unusual and a clear case of fortuitous addition rather than comprehensive design. These minarets were certainly built either as experiments before erecting those at the Taj or immediately thereafter–more probably the latter.”
    Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that the minarets of the Taj Mahal were not inspired by the Saracenic architecture; but on the other hand, it is from the Taj Mahal that the subsequent Mogul architecture adopted the concept of decorative minarets.

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  20. 11. Hindu Symbolism
    In addition to the lotus canopy over the dome, there are many other symbolic and sculptural details in the Taj Mahal which are quite appropriate in a Siva temple.14 Some of them are quoted below:
    (i) Recess above the entrance: In the southern entrance to the outer precincts of the Taj Complex (i.e., the Taj Gunj gate facing the main gateway), above the door arch, there is a small arched recess. It is customary in Hindu Forts (for example, the Nagardhan Fort, Nagpur) to place an idol of Lord Ganesa in a similar recess above the main entrance. Could it be that the recess above the Taj entrance also contained a similar idol, which was subsequently removed by the iconoclastic invaders?
    (ii) The Rajput Welcome Signs: The walls of the main gateway and the “kitchen” in the great courtyard are marked with typical Rajput welcome signs, such as the “gulab-dani” (rose-water cans) and “ilaichi-dani” (cardamon pots). The Rajput palaces at Deeg (Bharatpur) and Jaipur also contain similar welcome signs.
    (iii) Ganesa Torana: On the main gateway, the entire border at waist-height is decorated with what is called the “Ganesa Torana” (the elephant trunk and the crown can be clearly identified). It is noteworthy that animate decorations are taboo in Islam.
    (iv) Other sculptural details: Upon the marble walls of the central edifice, there are sculptural details of flowers in the shape of OM and bell flowers which is of great significance in the worship of Lord Shiva.
    (v) The pinnacle: On top of the central dome of the Taj Mahal, there is a copper pinnacle which measures a height of 32′ 5 ½”. On the eastern red-stone courtyard, in front of the community hall, there is a figure of the pinnacle inlaid in black marble which measures a length of only 30′ 6″.

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  21. There is reason to believe that the copper pinnacle is not the original one. The Shahjahannama of Muhammad Salah Kumbo mentions that the pinnacle was pure gold15. But by 1873-74 it was already of copper and when it was taken down for regilding, the words “Joseph Taylor” were found engraved on the copper16. Captain Taylor was the British official who carried out the repairs to the Taj Mahal in 1810 AD. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the original gold pinnacle was removed by either Joseph Taylor or his predecessors. The discrepancy between the lengths of the pinnacle and its figure in the courtyard supports this conclusion. However, because of the similarity between the copper pinnacle and its figure in the courtyard, it can be assumed that the original shape remains unaltered.
    The end of the pinnacle branches into a trident, its central tongue extending farther than that of the other two. On closer observation, the central tongue appears to be in the shape of a “Kalasha” (water pot) topped with two bent mango leaves and a coconut. This is a sacred Hindu motif. Could it be that the trident pinnacle was symbolic of the deity Lord Shiva worshipped inside?
    The symbols listed above are directly Hindu and some of them–the animate decorations such as the cobra twins and Ganesha–”torana” are toboo in Islam. It is likely that these details, not being very obvious, are only those that have survived the alterations in the building.
    An alternate explanation attributes the Hindu symbolism to the benevolent religious tolerance of Shah Jahan, under whom the Hindu craftsmen enjoyed complete freedom to express their talent in their own traditional style. However, regarding his religious tolerance, his own court journal Badshahnama has an altogether different commentary to make: “It has been brought to the notice of His Majesty that during the late region many idol temples had begun, but remained unfinished at Benaras, the great stronghold of infidelity. The infidels were now desirous of completing them. His Majesty, the defender of the faith, gave orders that at Benaras and throughout all his dominions at every place, all temples should be cast down. It was now reported from the province of Allahabad that 76 temples had been destroyed in the district of Benaras.”17

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  22. 12. General Layout And Plan
    (i) Numerous rooms in the edifice: It has been discussed in an earlier section that there are two floors below the real grave containing numerous rooms. Obviously, these rooms did not have any utility in a mausoleum, and their presence is not explicable unless it is accepted to be an ancient edifice built for an altogether different purpose. They do not appear to have been living rooms, but were they meant for storing provisions and other materials of a vast temple complex?
    (ii) The Nagar Khanas: Midway between the main gateway and the marble edifice, on either side of the courtyard, there are two identical buildings known as the “Nagar-khanas” (Drum Houses).
    Is it plausible that Shah Jahan, who was very “scrupulous…in the matters of bereavement and religious sanctity” (Section 2) built these drum houses? Music is taboo in Islam–there is a mosque nearby. And a mausoleum is certainly not a place for festivity!
    On the other hand, drums are important accompaniments in the worship of Lord Shiva.
    (iii) The Gow-Shala: within the precincts of the Taj Mahal, to the east of the Main Gateway, at the extreme end of the courtyard, there is a cow-shed known as the “Gow-Shala”. What could have been the purpose of a cow-shed in a mausoleum? Or was it part of the temple complex?
    It is possible that it was not part of the original plan–as it disturbs the symmetry of the complex–but because of its Sanskrit name, the “Gow-Shala” appears to have been introduced by the Hindu rulers, who were using the edifice as a palace or temple.
    To Sum Up: The arrangement of the domes, the lotus canopy, the trident pinnacle, the numerous rooms in the building, the direction of the mosque and its triple domes, the “Gow-shala”, the “Nagar-khanas,” and the surviving Hindu symbolism indicate that it was originally built as a temple complex. The purpose of the minarets is not functional but decorative, and the inspiration behind them does not appear to be Saracenic. The graves and the Koranic inscriptions upon the marble wall, of course, should be attributed to Shah Jahan.
    The whole argument about the Taj Mahal being a Mogul construction hinges solely upon the assumption about the origin of the bulbous dome, which certainly is debatable. Havell had emphatically asserted (pp.1-38) that the prototype of bulbous dome existed in the Buddhist stupa and the carvings of Ajanta several centuries before the Mogul invasion. He did not question the claim of Shah Jahan building the Taj Mahal, but asserted that from purely architectural considerations, the inspiration behind the edifice was neither Arab, nor Persian, nor European but Indian–”more Indian than St. Paul’s cathedral and Westminster Abbey are English”. (p. 13)

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  23. III–SUM TOTAL
    The discussion on the historical evidence indicates that the Taj Mahal was already ancient at the time of Shah Jahan. And the discussion upon the architecture leads to the conclusion that the general layout of the Taj Complex resembles a Shiva temple. The whole thesis of Shah Jahan himself building the edifice rests upon the premise that the bulbous dome originated in Samarkhand and migrated to India after the advent of Babur.
    The discussion cannot be complete unless we examine two other questions: What is the plausibility of Shah Jahan constructing the edifice, and how did the legend come to be?
    There is universal agreement about the architectural splendour and grandeur of the Taj Mahal. It was conceived by an inspired mind which knew the meaning of beauty, and it signifies the culmination of a mature style in architecture. It is a testimony to the peace and prosperity of its period.
    The Moguls were rich in wealth and taste and seem to have had the leisure to undertake a project of this kind. But what about its style? Does it appear to be in the tradition of the style developed and perfected by the successive rulers of Mogul dynasty? Listen to James Fergusson (pp. 307-308): “It would be difficult to point out in the whole history of architecture any change so sudden as that which took place between the style of Akbar and that of his grandson Shah Jahan–nor any contrast so great as that between the manly vigour and exuberant originality of the first, as compared with the extreme but almost effeminate elegance of the second. Certainly when the same people, following the same religion, built temples and palaces in the same locality, nothing of the sort ever occurred in any country whose history is known to us.”

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  24. It should be remembered that Fergusson was the pioneer in the field of Indian archeaology and was the first–and considered the most authoritative–historian to propound that the bulbous dome originated in Samarkhand. But at the same time he found that the difference between the styles of Akbar and Shah Jahan so unique, that it was the only one of its kind in the human history. Having said this, he does not discuss the possibility of some of those buildings belonging to an altogether different era, but a few pages later (p. 316) makes a brief but startling remark about the Taj Mahal, “When used as a Baradhari, or pleasure palace, it must always have been the coolest and loveliest of garden retreats, and now that it is sacred to the dead it is the most graceful and the most impressive of the sepulchres of the world.”
    That is, the version of the Badshahnama as quoted at the beginning of this essay–that Shah Jahan had acquired a palace for the burial of his queen–was known to Fergusson during the middle of the 19th century. (The above statement occurs repeatedly in his books published in 1855, 1867 and 1876.) He also found its style too uniquely different to reconcile with that of Shah Jahan’s immediate predecessors. And yet, the doyen of Indian archaeology glossed over the issue of its antiquity and attributed it to Shah Jahan! Why then did Fergusson not question the claim–if at all there was any single cogent claim at the time–and thereby perpetuate the legend of Shah Jahan himself building the Taj Mahal?
    The legend had originated at the time of Shah Jahan himself–as both Tavernier and Manrique testify, though their versions do not match with each other–and drew powerful support from the writings of Fergusson save the above quoted sentence. The above sentence not only appears in all the three major publications of Fergusson (1867 and 1876), but also was quoted in the 9th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1875)–where it remained until the 11th edition in 1910–and also in “Murray’s Handbook (for travellers) to India and Ceylon” (1891). In 1896, Syad Muhammad Latif19 wrote that the building “was originally a palace of Raja Man Singh but now it was the property of his grandson Raja Jai Singh. His Majesty gave the Raja a lofty edifice from the Khalsa estate in exchange of this building; and the spot was used for the mausoleum of the deceased empress.”

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  25. Meanwhile the legend also grew, as can be made out from the numerous writings of the period though the details pertaining to the construction of the edifice, such as the identity of the architect, expenditure, duration of construction, etc., did not go beyond vague conjectures. In 1905, Moin-ud-din Ahmed20 quoted from Badshahnama (Vol. II, pp. 325-6) that the gold railing around the tomb “was made under the supervision of Bebadal Khan, Master of king’s kitchen”. But the identity of the architect of the edifice remained unsolved. The 22 basement rooms were detected in 1900 AD, and Moin-ud-din Ahmed discussed them in his book (pp. 35-36) and stated that, “The real object of building them remains a mystery.”
    In fact, by the turn of the century, the legend had grown so powerful that it made all the evidences to the contrary appear irrelevant. Even though the discovery of the sealed underground chambers was a powerful reason to re-examine the legend carefully, the 11th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1910) chose to omit the above statement of Fergusson from its columns–apparently because of its incongruity with the powerful legend. It mentioned the name of Ustad Isa as the Chief architect. By 1913, E. B. Havell, while emphatically asserting that the architecture of the edifice is Hindu, and not Saracenic, does not at all discuss the possibility of Shah Jahan acquiring the edifice. By 1931, the letter of Aurangzeb discussing the serious defects in the Taj Mahal was published (“Marakka-i-Akbarabad” by Said Ahmed, 1931), which was translated by M. S. Vats of Archaeological Survey of India in 1945. But the legend survived the publication.

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  26. To revert back to Fergusson, why did he not question the legend, though he had very good reason to do so? Obviously, he was labouring under the burden of his own assumption that the bulbous dome was a resultant contribution of Mogul invasion upon India during the 16th century. In this respect, his own uncertainty about the antiquity of the temples of Sonagarh and Muktagiri [Section 9 (i)] is also quite significant. Fergusson himself recorded (p. 286) this uncertainty and inconclusiveness, while discussing the basis of his assumption:
    “It is probable that very considerable light will yet be throne upon the origin of the style which the Moguls introduced into India, from an examination of the buildings erected at Samakhand by Timur, a hundred years before Babar’s time (A.D. 1393-1404). Now that the city is in the hands of Russians, it is accessible to Europeans. Its buildings have been drawn and photographed, but not yet described so as to be available for scientific purposes…”
    Therefore, it can be said with certainty that the legend of Shah Jahan building the Taj Mahal rests purely upon the erroneous assumption about the origin of the bulbous dome. (In fairness, Shah Jahan himself never claimed that he built the Taj Mahal.) And that the architecture of the Taj Mahal, to put it in the words of Havell, “more Indian than St. Paul’s Cathedral and Westminster Abbey are English.”

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  27. What then is the true age of the Taj Mahal?
    Though it was put to use as a palace, its architecture is not that of a residential mansion, but of a temple. Obviously, it was converted into a palace, and Raja Man Singh was not the one to effect the conversion. It is not unreasonable to speculate that the edifice acquired his name due to his pre-eminent position in the Mogul Court and his fairly long occupation of the building. The fact that the edifice required elaborate repairs in 1652 AD, also indicates that it belonged to a period earlier to Raja Man Singh. The radio-carbon dating–though not conclusive about the date–further reinforces the possibility of the Taj Mahal being a couple of centuries older than Shah Jahan. However, a conclusive dating can be done only by several radio-carbon tests of different samples from the edifice. And it is almost certain that the sealed underground chambers would reveal enough evidence about the original purpose and the true age of the edifice. The historical antecedents of the building can be traced only by considerable diligent study of the documents pertaining to several centuries prior to Shah Jahan.
    However, if radio-carbon test result quoted above can be treated as a pointer, it raises certain important questions regarding Indian archaeology.
    i) Was the bulbous dome an exclusive innovation of Indian architecture, and migrated to Samakhand through the architects taken captive by Timurlung?
    ii) If the architecture style could produce so fine a piece as the Taj Mahal in the 14th century, how long ago did the style originate? Is it true, as Havell has asserted, that the bulbous dome had its origin in the Buddhist stupas and the carvings of Ajanta (which was at least a thousand years before the initial Afgan invasion)? If so, it brings us face to face with the other assumptions of Fergusson that the single pointed arch and the arcuate style of constructing the arches and domes–the Taj Mahal answer to both these characteristics–have arrived at India only during the 13th century AD after the initial Afgan invasion.

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  28. Thus, the question of antiquity of the Taj Mahal has powerful bearing upon the study of Indian archaeology. It raises certain pertinent questions about the origin, development, influence and classification of one of the important streams of mediaeval architecture. And since an architectural style carries with it the stamp of the contemporary epoch, the above questions have bearing upon the study of Indian history as well. Therefore, it calls for a thorough re-examination of the Mogul architecture–particularly that of Shah Jahan, which Fergusson found it so difficult to reconcile with the style of that period.
    (The authors wish to acknowledge their debt to Shri V. S. Godbole for his notes on the subject)
    References
    1. Abdul Hamid Lahori, “Badshahnama”, Vol. 1, Royal Asiatic society, Bengal, 1867, pp. 402-403.
    2. Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner.
    3. Peter Mundy, “Travels in Asia and Europe”, Vol. II, Edited by R. C. Temple, Hakluyt Society, 1907-36, pp. 208-213.
    4. J. B. Tavernier, “Travels in India”, Translated by V. Ball, Macmillan & Co., London, 1889, Book I, pp. 46, 110-111.
    5. P. N. Oak, “The Taj Mahal is a Temple Palace”, 1966, pp.20-26.
    6. “Adaab-a-Alamgir”, National Archives, New Delhi, p. 82.
    7. M. S. Vats, “Repairs to the Taj Mahal”, An Archaeological Survey of India bulletin, 1945.
    8. “Keene’s Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighborhood”, Re-written by E. A. Duncan, Thacker’s Handbook of Hindustan, pp. 170-4.
    9. E. B. Havell, “Indian Architecture”, S. Chand & Co.(Pvt) Ltd., 1913, pp. 1-38.
    10. “Travels of Fray Sebastion Manrique”, Vol. II, Translated by St. Pau Lt. Col. Luard and Father Hasken, Hakluyt Society, 1927, pp. 171-2.
    11. Marvin H Mills, “Archaeometry in the Service of Historical Analysis to Re-examine the Origin of Moslem Building”, Itihas Patrika Vol. 4, No. 1, March 1984, pp. 12-13.
    12. James Fergusson, “History of Indian and Eastern Architecture”, 2nd Edition, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1972, pp. 62-66, 196-221, 283-320.
    13. Elliot and Dowson, “History of India”, Vol. III, 2nd Edition, Sushil Gupta (India) Ltd., 1953, p. 448.
    14. Satish Grover, “The Architecture of India”, Vikas Publishing House, Pvt., 1981, pp. 190-193.
    15. Hemant Gokhale, “The Taj Mahal–A Tomb or Shiva temple?”, Itihas Patrika, Vol. 2, No. 3, Sept. 1982, pp. 99-113.
    16. Reference Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of London, 1843, Vol. VII, p. 58.
    17. Ram Nath, “The Immortal Taj”, Taraporewala, Bombay, 1972, p. 81.
    18. Elliot and Dowson, “History of India”, Vol. VII, 2nd Edition, Sushil Gupta (India) Ltd., 1953, p. 36.
    19. Syad Mohammad Latif, “Agra–Historical & Descriptive”, 1896, p. 105.
    20. Moin-ud-din-Ahmed, “History of the Taj”, 1903, pp. 35-36, 46-47.
    21. V. S. Godbole, “The Taj Mahal–Simple Analysis of Great Deception”, Itihas Patrika, Vol 2, No. 1, March, 1982, pp. 16-32.

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  29. IN THE HON’BLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD.

    Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 36818 of 2004
    (Under Article 226 of constitution of India)
    (District – Agra)
    Institute of Rewriting Indian History Through its Founder President, P. N. Oak.
    S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill Society,
    Aundh, Pune – 411007 and another
    VERSUS
    Union of India through Secretary,
    Human Resources and Development (HRD.),
    Government of India, New Delhi. And others …………...Respondents

    ]

    Sl.No. Particular Dates Annexure Page No.
    1. Dates of Events.
    1-2
    2. Stay Application U/S 151 of
    the C.P.C. 3-7

    3. Writ Petition Under Article
    226 of The Constitution 8- 65
    4. Association of the aforesaid society / public trust having fundamental objectives along with Income tax exemption certificate 1
    5. Association of the aforesaid society / public trust having fundamental objectives 2
    6. Book namely The Taj Mahal is a Temple Palace written by Sri P. N. Oak, 3
    7. Books namely Some Missing Chapters of World History 4
    8. Some Blunder Of Indian Historical Research written by Sri P. N. Oak containing his Boigraphy sketch 5
    9. Book was first published in 1968, 2nd edition on 1969, 3rd edition in 1974 6
    10. Freedom of Information Act, 2002 7
    11. Hindustan Times regarding the sign of maker of Taj Mahal published 6/7/2004 8
    12. Admission in Shahjahan’s own Badshnama, the original persion script and its english translation publish in book written by Sri P. N. Oak 9
    13. Taj Mahal is a Temple Palace kept with the National Archives, New Delhi 10
    14. Prince Aurangazab’s letter written in urdu language to his father, Emperor Shahjahana dt. July-August 1652A.D. 11
    15 English translation of Prince Aurangazab’s letter 12
    16 Documentary proof in support of the research work on Taj Mahal identity and authorship based on evidence. 13
    17 Forming part of the research work on Taj Mahal identity and authorship based on evidence 14
    18 Proof/ Evidence in support thereof direct proof of its authorshipwritten by Sri P.N. Oak 15
    19 Carbon-14 dating of these wooden doors having the details of 800 years old 16
    20 Particulars of the different monuments regarding their false identity 17
    21 Photographs of Taj Mahal Deplicting Hindu Religious Symbols 18
    22 THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS PRESERVATION ACT, 1904, 19
    23 Ancient And Historical Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains,Act, 1951 20
    24 The Ancient Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains Act, 1958 ( Act No.24 of !958) 21
    25 Representation submitted to the respondent No. 1 on the basis of the reserch work conducted by Sri P. N. Oak 22
    26 Affidavit
    27 Vaklatnama


    Dated : 7th September, 2004


    Yogesh Kumar Saxena
    Advocate, High Court
    (Counsel for the Petitioner)
    Chamber No.139, High court, Allahabad


    ReplyDelete

  30. 9 1951 A.D. The Ancient And Historical Monuments And Archaeological Sites And
    Remains (Declaration Of National Importance) Act, 1951 to the extend
    Of declaring the ancient and historical monuments and other and
    Archaeological Sites namely Taj Mahal. Fatehpur-sikiri, Agra Red Ford
    , Ethmadualla and other Monuments as built by Mugal invaders
    allegedly on the basis of report submitted by Then Governor General,
    Lord Auckland, and young lieutenant Alexander Cunningham
    conceived indigenous scheme of “Divide and Rule”and thereby
    misusing the archaeological studies, be declared as ultravires to
    Article 19 (1) (a), 25,26 49 And 51-A (f) (h) Constitution of India.
    10 1958 AD This Hon’ble Court may future declare the provision of Ancient and
    Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains
    (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 (71 of 1951),
    The Ancient Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains Act,
    1958 of declaring these ancient building/ monuments preserved with
    1959 such false identity with out any scientific inquiry/ investigation as
    purported Mugal monuments / Graveyards as unconstitutional and void.
    11 1968 AD Sri P.N.Oak written his first book titled as Taj Mahal is TEJO-
    MAHALAYA : A SHIVA TEMPLE
    12 1974A.D. Carbon dating test –14 conducted of the doors timber placed on the
    Northern side of Taj Mahal building now remooved from its location
    Towards Yamuna River at Dashahara Ghat and Basai Ghat from where
    the Public could have a glance towards Shiva Temple constructed at
    the top of Raja Mansingh Palace Which was in Occupation of his
    grand Son Raja Jai Singh, when it was forciably taken by Emperor
    Sahajahan for burial of Arjumand Banu( Mumtaj )W/o Emperor
    Shahajahan Died in between and buried at Burhanpur and her body
    Exhumed after about 6 months
    Dated : 7th September, 2004 Yogesh Kumar Saxena
    Advocate, High Court
    (Counsel for the Petitioner)
    Chamber No.139, High court, Allahabad

    ReplyDelete
  31. 4 1641-1668 A.D. Probable Period of the shroud deluding changeover of Hindu
    Palace/Temple as mughal Monument/ Graveyard
    5 1652 A.D. Aurangazab Letter showing his somsidern about need of elaborate
    repairs of Taj Mahal.. If Taj Mahal was constracted in 1641 to 1668,
    why Auranjab sought for illobrate repair except for changing the
    authoriship of building as Mughal monument
    6 1658 A.D. Emperor Shah jahan died and there after his graveyard was placed in Taj
    Mahal near the graveyard of Arjumand Banu( Mumtaj )W/o Emperor
    Shahajahan. It appear that koranic in graving dragged for camouflaging
    Hindu building with Muslim Lattering as a hoary tredition which is
    evidence Adhai- Din-Ka-opda at Ajmar which was a part of vigragharaj
    Vishandeo’s palace an also at kutabminar with a legerdemain of
    Islamik carinngs on it
    7 1843 A.D. The Governer Genral Lord Auckland with his lieutinant cunningham
    tempered entire historical data of the arcologicaly department by
    converning the authoriship of these Hindu palaces to Mughal
    monument for adoptding the policy of divide and rule A deep
    Conspiracy Committed By lieutenant Alexander Cunningham in
    1842-1847
    8 1904 A.D. The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, tempered the
    entire histrocial data of the arcologicaly department by converning the
    authoriship of these Hindu palaces to Mughal monument for adoptding
    the policy of “Divide and Rule”

    ReplyDelete

  32. IN THE HON’BLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD.
    List Of Dates and Events in Choronological order
    IN
    Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 36818 of 2004
    (Under Article 226 of constitution of India)
    (District – Agra)
    Institute of Rewriting Indian History Through its Founder President, P. N. Oak.
    S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill Society,
    Aundh, Pune – 411007 and another
    VERSUS
    Union of India through Secretary,
    Human Resources and Development (HRD),
    Government of India, New Delhi. And others …Respondents

    S.N. Dates/ Year Particulars of Events as disclosed through research work

    1 1155- 1158 Raja Paramdardi dav, a Jat Ruler on his behalf and on behalf of the
    minister salakahan who constructed Tejoji Mahal which came in
    occupation Of Raja Man Singh and remain in possession of Raja Jai
    Singh when It was tken for conversion to Taj Mahal, for the purposes of
    shifting the remains of Arjumand Banu( Mumtaj )W/o Emperor
    Shahajahan Died In between 1629-1632 and buried at Burhanpur and
    her body Exhumed after about 6 months (as disclosed in Shahajan
    Badshahnama written by MullaAbdul Hameed lahori)
    2 1629-1632 A.D. Arjumand Banu( Mumtaj )W/o Emperor Shahajahan Died in between
    and buried at Burhanpur and her body Exhumed after about 6 months
    3 18th ,December, 1633 Sahajahan issued two Farmans ( Bearing MordenNumbers R..176 and
    177) to Ex- maharaja of Jaipur and Rajasthan state Arcchives at
    Bikaner for Fake centaphs for descration of the original structure after
    Arjumand Banu( Mumtaj )W/o Emperor Shahajahan Died in between
    and buried at Burhanpur for supply of Makarana Marble and Stone
    cutters for Usurpation of Temple building having the Palace And Lord
    Shiva Temple with Koranic Grafts and thereby to get the Blatant Seizure
    of Tejo – Mahalaya

    ReplyDelete
  33. IN THE HON’BLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD.
    Civil Misc. Application No. 36818 of 2004
    (Under Section 151 CPC)
    In
    Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. . 36818 of 2004
    (Under Article 226 of constitution of India)
    (District – Agra)

    1. Institute of Rewriting Indian History Through its Founder President, P. N. Oak.
    S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill Society,
    Aundh, Pune – 411007
    2. P. N. Oak. S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill
    Society, Aundh, Pune - 411007 ,Founder President, Institute of Rewriting
    Indian History, Aundh, Pune – 4110071-------------Petitioner


    VERSUS

    1. Union of India through Secretary,
    Human Resources and Development (HRD),
    Government of India, New Delhi.

    2. Secretary, Tourism and Archeological Department, Govt. of India,
    New Delhi

    3. Director General,
    Archaeological Survey of India,
    Government of India, Janapath, New Delhi.---------Respondents

    To,
    The Hon’ble the Chief Justice and his Lordships other companion Judges of the aforesaid Court.
    The humble writ petition of the abovenamed petitioner MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH AS UNDER;

    1. That the full facts and circumstance of the case are given in accompanied writ petition, it is most respectively prayed that an ad-interiem-mandamus by appointing a facts finding committee for exposing the falsehood of the Arceaological department regarding the historical blunder committed by them in respect of their purported claim set-up in declaring Taj-Mahal, Red- fort Agra, Fatahpur –Sikiri and other ancient Hindu buildings/ monuments as Muslim monuments and truth may be disclosed to the public/citizens and students in subject of history regarding their true authorship prior to Mughal period in furtherance of their fundamental rights conferred to the Citizens under Article 19 (1) (a), 25 and 26 read with49 and 51-A(f) (h) of Constitution of India and Freedom Of Information Act, 2002.

    ReplyDelete
  34. 2. That it is further prayed that an ad-interim-Mandamus directing the respondent authorities after due Scientific investigation and facts finding inquiry report, the respondents in particular the Archaeological Survey of India may Declare and Notify in terms of the true history, as the Taj Mahal was not built by Shahajahan and thereby directing the Archaeological Survey of India to remove the notices displayed by them in the Taj Mahal premises crediting Shahjahan as its creator and to futher desist from writing / publishing / proclaiming / propagating and teaching about Shahjahan being the author of Taj Mahal and stop and discontinue the free entry in Taj Mahal premises on Fridays in the week.
    That it is further prayed that an ad-interim mandamus directing the respondent authorities in particular Archaeological Survey of India 1)-to open the locks of upper and lower portions of the 4 storeyed red stone building of Taj Mahal having numbers of rooms, 2)-to remove all bricked up walls build later blocking such rooms therein, 3)-to investigate scientifically and certify that which of those or both cenotaphs are fake,4)-to look for a subterrance storey below the river bank ground level, 5)-to look into after removing the room-entrance directly beneath the basement cenotaph-chamber.6)- by removing the brick and lime barricade flocking the doorway, 7)-to look for important historical evidence such as idols and inscriptions hidden inside there by the Shahjahan’s orders as truth may not make us rich but the same will make us free from superstitions and false propoganda.
    3. That it is further prayed that an ad-interim-mandamus may further be issued declaring of Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 (71 of 1951), The Ancient Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains Act, 1958 of declaring these ancient building/ monuments preserved with such false graeyards identity the provisions of The Ancient And Historical Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains (Declaration Of National Importance) Act, 1951 to the extend of declaring the ancient and historical monuments and other and Archaeological Sites namely Taj Mahal. Fatehpur-sikiri, Agra Red Ford , Ethmadualla and other Monuments as built by Mugal invaders allegedly on the basis of report submitted by Then Governor General, Lord Auckland, and young lieutenant Alexander Cunningham conceived indigenous scheme of “Divide and Rule” and thereby misusing the archaeological studies, be declared as ultravires to Article 19 (1) (a), 25,26 49 And 51-A (f) (h)constitution of India and this Hon’ble Court may futher declare the provision with out any scientific inquiry/ investigation as purported Mugal monuments / graveyards as unconstitutional and void.

    ReplyDelete
  35. 4. That it is further prayed that an ad-interim mandamus on the basis of the Research Conducted by the petitioner No.-2 as published in the different books written by him as referred in earlier paragraphs namely 1. World Vedic Heritage, 2. The Tajmahal is a Temple Place, 3.Some Blunders of Indian Historical Research, 4. Flowers Howlers, 5. Learning Vedic Astrology, 6. Some Missing Chapters of World History, 7. Agra red Fort is a Hindu Building, 8.Great Britain was Hindu Land, 9. The Taj Mahal is Tejomahalaya a Shiva Temple, 10.Who Says Akbar was Great, 11. Vedic Guide to Health, Beauty, Longevity and Rejuvenation, 12. Islamic Havoc in Indian History Published by-HINDI SAHITYA SADAN 2, B. D. Chambers, 10/54 D. B. Gupta Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005, and the truth may be exposed through Scientific inventions and temperaments to the Citizen/ Students of history by conducting the research/ excavations of the remains of Hindu monuments by the Central Government surroundings to all such Hindu Palace/ temple and other ancient archaeological building/ Monuments as the incidents like demolition of disputed structure at Ayodhya may not be repeated resulting in mass destruction of the public property shacking of public confidence under Rule Of Law in the society; Or and Any other Direction, Which this Hon’ble Court May deem fit in the circumstances of the case

    ReplyDelete
  36. It is further prayed that an ad-interim mandamus on the basis of the Research Conducted by the petitioner No.-2 as published in the different books written by him as referred in earlier paragraphs namely 1. World Vedic Heritage, 2. The Tajmahal is a Temple Place, 3.Some Blunders of Indian Historical Research, 4. Flowers Howlers, 5. Learning Vedic Astrology, 6. Some Missing Chapters of World History, 7. Agra red Fort is a Hindu Building, 8.Great Britain was Hindu Land, 9. The Taj Mahal is Tejomahalaya a Shiva Temple, 10.Who Says Akbar was Great, 11. Vedic Guide to Health, Beauty, Longevity and Rejuvenation, 12. Islamic Havoc in Indian History Published by-HINDI SAHITYA SADAN 2, B. D. Chambers, 10/54 D. B. Gupta Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005, and the truth may be exposed through Scientific inventions and temperaments to the Citizen/ Students of history by conducting the research/ excavations of the remains of Hindu monuments by the Central Government surroundings to all such Hindu Palace/ temple and other ancient archaeological building/ Monuments as the incidents like demolition of disputed structure at Ayodhya may not be repeated resulting in mass destruction of the public property shacking of public confidence under Rule Of Law in the society.
    5. Any other Direction, Which this Hon’ble Court May deem fit in the circumstances of the case

    Dated; 7th Sepetember ,2004

    Yogesh Kumar Saxena
    Advocate, High Court
    (Counsel for the Petitioner)
    Chamber No.139, High court, Allahabad


    ReplyDelete
  37. 1. It is further prayed that an ad-interim-Mandamus directing the respondent authorities after due Scientific investigation and facts finding inquiry report, the respondents in particular the Archaeological Survey of India may Declare and Notify in terms of the true history, as the Taj Mahal was not built by Shahajahan and restrain them from displaying the authorship of these buildings as constructed by Sahajahan or by any mughal Invaders thereby directing the Archaeological Survey of India to remove the notices displayed by them in the Taj Mahal premises crediting Shahjahan as its creator and to futher desist from writing / publishing / proclaiming / propagating and teaching about Shahjahan being the author of Taj Mahal and stop and discontinue the free entry in Taj Mahal premises on Fridays in the week.
    2. It is further prayed that an ad-interim mandamus directing the respondent authorities in particular Archaeological Survey of India 1)-to open the locks of upper and lower portions of the 4 storeyed red stone building of Taj Mahal having numbers of rooms, 2)-to remove all bricked up walls build later blocking such rooms therein, 3)-to investigate scientifically and certify that which of those or both cenotaphs are fake,4)-to look for a subterrance storey below the river bank ground level, 5)-to look into after removing the room-entrance directly beneath the basement cenotaph-chamber.6)- by removing the brick and lime barricade flocking the doorway, 7)-to look for important historical evidence such as idols and inscriptions hidden inside there by the Shahjahan’s orders as truth may not make us rich but the same will make us free from superstitions and false propoganda.
    3. It is further prayed that an ad-interim-mandamus may further be issued declaring the provisions of The Ancient And Historical Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains (Declaration Of National Importance) Act, 1951 to the extend of declaring the ancient and historical monuments and other and Archaeological Sites namely Taj Mahal. Fatehpur-sikiri, Agra Red Ford, Ethmadualla and other Monuments as built by Mugal invaders allegedly on the basis of report submitted by Then Governor General, Lord Auckland, and young lieutenant Alexander Cunningham conceived indigenous scheme of “Divide and Rule” and thereby misusing the archaeological studies, be declared as ultravires to Article 19 (1) (a), 25,26 49 And 51-A (f) (h)constitution of India and this Hon’ble Court may futher declare the provision of Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 (71 of 1951), The Ancient Monuments And Archaeological Sites And Remains Act, 1958 of declaring these ancient building/ monuments preserved with such false graeyards identity with out any scientific inquiry/ investigation as purported Mugal monuments / graveyards as unconstitutional and void.

    ReplyDelete
  38. Prayer
    It is most respectively prayed that an ad-interiem-mandamus by appointing a facts finding committee for exposing the falsehood of the Arceaological department regarding the historical blunder committed by them in respect of their purported claim set-up in declaring Taj-Mahal, Red- fort Agra, Fatahpur –Sikiri and other ancient Hindu buildings/ monuments as Muslim monuments and truth may be disclosed to the public/citizens and students in subject of history regarding their true authorship prior to Mughal period in furtherance of their fundamental rights conferred to the Citizens under Article 19 (1) (a), 25 and 26 read with49 and 51-A(f) (h) of Constitution of India and Freedom Of Information Act, 2002.

    ReplyDelete
  39. IN THE HON’BLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD.

    Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 36818 of 2004
    (Under Article 226 of constitution of India)
    (District – Agra)

    1. Institute of Rewriting Indian History Through its Founder President, P. N. Oak.
    S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill Society,
    Aundh, Pune – 411007
    2. P. N. Oak. S/O Late Shri Nagesh Krishna Oak, R/O - Plot No. 10, Goodwill
    Society, Aundh, Pune - 4110071. Founder President, Institute of Rewriting
    Indian History, Aundh, Pune - 4110071 -----------Petitioner

    VERSUS

    1. Union of India through Secretary,
    Human Resources and Development (HRD),
    Government of India, New Delhi.

    2. Secretary, Tourism and Archeological Department, Govt. of India,
    New Delhi

    3. Director General,
    Archaeological Survey of India,
    Government of India, Janapath, New Delhi.----------Respondents

    To,
    The Hon’ble the Chief Justice and his lordships other companion Judges of the aforesaid Court.
    The humble petition of the abovenamed petitioner MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH AS UNDER;

    1. That, no other writ petition has been filed or pending on the same controversy involved in the present writ petition before this Hon’ble Court, nor the petitioner’s institution, namely, “ Institute for Re-writing Indian (and World) History” has received any notice of caveat application so far in the present writ petition. The petitioner No.1 and petitioner No.2 are same person, but they are impleaded in different capacity.
    2. That this writ petition is moved to re-establish the truth and cultural heritage of our Country. This writ petition is pertaining to the world marvel, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, namely, Taj Mahal, and other monuments authorship attributed to Hindu Rulers, much prior to the period of Mugal Invaders. The ancient monuments and structure are part of our tradition and culture and evidence of glorious-marvelous architectural achievement and further to that it is a part of our heritage. Fraud upon history should not be perpetuated as life is evaluated in the perspective of history. For the sake of history of heritage, these monuments should be identified, protected and preserved properly in the right perspective with right historical records of creation and construction of truth and realities, which includes rectifying and/ or correcting the wrong records, notions, motivated dis-information and mis- information.

    ReplyDelete